Changes

The Battle of Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in history. The battle was between, France fought on one side and Great Britain, Prussia , and their allies on the other. The battle was a great victory for the British and the Prussians , and it is widely seen as the end of the series of wars that had ravaged Europe since the French Revolution (1789).

The Battle of Waterloo was the last attempt by Napoleon to establish himself in France and Europe, after his defeat in 1814. Why was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo? It was a mixture of the stubborn British resistance, their superior cavalry, Wellington’s leadership , and, most importantly, the timely arrival of the Prussian army on the battlefield.

====Background==How did Napoleon become the emperor after he returned from Elba?==Napoleon has become the master of most of Europe by 1805 after his victory over the Austrians and the Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz. For several years Napoleon and France dominated Europe , and only the British continued to oppose Bonaparte’s ambitions. Napoleon decided to invade the Russian Empire, to force the Tsar to join a trade embargo on Britain. The French army marched into Russian and captured Moscow, but it disintegrated in the terrible Russian winter.<ref>Palmer, R.R., [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073106925/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0073106925&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=aaf81ee4b016b99b72d6e0bb4a744f61 A History of the Modern World], (New York: Knopf, 1956), p. 143</ref> Napoleon retreated into Europe and in the process lost the majority of his army. The French Empire was severely weakened after the Russian Invasion, and eventually, the allies, (Britain, Russian, Austria, and Prussia) marched into France and deposed Napoleon , and restored the Bourbon Monarchy. Napoleon was exiled on the island of Elba Island - Isola d'Elba - in 1814.

However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 and returned to France. His return prompted many in France to declare their loyalty to their old Emperor. The recently installed new French King fled , and once more , Napoleon was master of has controlled France. The allies were stunned and began to mobilize their armies to crush the French once and for all. From the east the The Russian army advanced from the east, and the Austrians began to gather their forces in Italy.<ref> Palmer, p. 156</ref> The British assembled a large force in the Low Countries , and the Prussians Prussian army advanced through Germany and planned to link up with their British allies. Napoleon was effectively surrounded , but he soon had taken control of his old army, that which was still a formidable force.<ref>Palmer, p. 157</ref>

====Preparations How did Napoleon prepare for the Battle==Waterloo? ==

Napoleon was declared an outlaw by the allies , and they decided not to negotiate with him. They were focused on defeating him so that he could never threaten the peace of Europe. Napoleon decided to target the British in the Low Countries. He wanted to secure a quick and rapid victory.<ref> Adkin, Mark, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811718549/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0811718549&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=69ebff713071f7b1b7139c25d1dbe244 The Waterloo Companion]</i>, (Aurum, London, 2001), p. 6 </ref>

The French army’s aim was army aimed to destroy the British before they were joined by joining the Prussian army, which was rapidly making its way to Belgium. Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the army of General Wellington, located south of Brussels before it was reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea. This would allow Napoleon to turn his focus on the Prussians and knock them out of the war and enable the French to concentrate all their armies on the Austrians and Russians.<ref>Adkins, p. 17</ref>

Napoleon also knew that many in the Belgium's French-speaking community in Belgium were sympathetic to him , and a French victory could trigger a revolution in that country. French Intelligence was very well-informed of the strengths and weaknesses of the British troops in Belgium. Napoleon knew that the army under General Wellington was mostly second-line troops as most of the veterans had been dispatched to fight in North America. Napoleon gathered his forces together in a rapid period. Many of his old soldiers and generals rallied to his cause, and soon they were on the march.

== Where is Waterloo? ==The speed of the French advance 's speed stunned the British , and Wellington was forced to adopt a defensive posture south of Brussels, at Waterloo.<ref> Adkins, p. 67</ref> By this time , the advance Prussians advanced Prussian units had arrived in Belgium, but the French surprised and defeated them at the Battle of Ligny. Wellington decided to retreat towards Waterloo and wait for the main Prussian army under General Blucher to reinforce him. Once again , Napoleon’s speed caught everyone by surprise, and before the Prussians could meet up with Wellington, he had arrived at Waterloo and was determined to force the British into a decisive battle.

==The BattleWho had the better army at Waterloo? ==

The French and the British armies were roughly evenly matched in numbers. The French had slightly more cavalry and artillery. Wellington was very concerned about the quality of his multinational army. Many of who were Dutch and Belgian soldiers who were not battle -hardened and in the British ranks there were also had many inexperienced soldiers. There was also a large German contingent who though experienced , had at one time served in the French army. The French army was composed of veterans, including elite units such as the ‘Old Guard.’ Wellington was a highly experienced soldier, and he established a strong defensive position on a ridge and had fortified some farmhouses in the area, to protect his flanks.<ref> Barbero, Alessandro, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0802715001/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0802715001&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=f7811af0d5bf48ffb1f7cacae70cd8ef The Battle: A New History of Waterloo]</i> (translated by John Cullen) (paperback ed.), Walker & Company, London, 2006), p. 57</ref>

As ever, Napoleon as ever was in a hurry and decided to attack the British and their allies before the Prussians arrived. He chose to attack the British the day after arriving at Waterloo. He scheduled the attack to begin in the early morning of the 18th of June, but he delayed it because of the saturated ground. The wet conditions meant that the cavalry could not conduct any charges. At 11 in the morning, Napoleon ordered his forces to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean as he believed that here was the main concentration of Wellington’s army.

== What was Napoleon's strategy at the start of the Battle of Waterloo? ==The British were stationed below the village on some high ground. When the French saw the position of the British, they commenced bombarding their lines.<ref> Barbero, p. 114</ref> After an hour , the French began their assault, and their goal was to seize the Hougoumont farmhouse. There was fierce fighting at this farmhouse all day, but the British managed to hold out. Wellington was obliged to divert some of his reserves into this battle. This weakened his center , and Napoleon decided to launch a massive attack on the British lines. The French after After another bombardment , the French charged up the slopes to the British lines , and after an hour of fierce fighting, they had forced Wellington’s lines back. It seemed that the British were on the verge of defeat.

Then the British commander ordered his Heavy Cavalry Brigade to stage a counterattack.<ref> Barbero, p. 156</ref> This managed to push back the French advance, although at a hefty cost. Napoleon ordered his cavalry to attack the British line and then ordered repeated infantry charges. This resulted in very high French casualties. The British , under the leadership of Wellington , held firm. Suddenly, the Prussians appeared on Napoleon’s right flank , and they had arrived sooner than anyone had anticipated. Napoleon knew that his situation was precarious , and he ordered his best troops, the Imperial Guard forward, to rout the British. However, once again despite the heroism of the Imperial Guard, the allied forces under Wellington held firm. The Prussians under Blucher began to arrive in ever higher numbers and as they did the French army began to disintegrate. The Old Guard, composed of veterans of many battles, fought to the last man and this allowed the remaining French forces to flee the fighting. That night Blucher and Wellington met, and that is considered the end of the Battle. Waterloo was a victory for the allies, but as Wellington himself asserted afterward it was a narrow victory.<ref> Adkin, p. 178</ref>

====Outcome of the Battle====Waterloo cost However, despite the British army around 14Imperial Guard's heroism,500 dead or wounded, and the allied forces under Wellington held firm. The Prussians under Blücher suffered some 7Blucher began to arrive in ever-higher numbers,200 casualtiesand as they did, the French army began to disintegrate. The French army had some 25Old Guard, composed of veterans of many battles,000 fought to 26the last man,000 killed or wounded. Some 6000 allowing the remaining French forces to 7000 French soldiers were taken flee the prisoner fighting. That night Blucher and another 15Wellington met,000 men desertedand that is considered the end of the Battle. Waterloo was a decisive victory for the allies.<ref> Chandler, David but as Wellington himself asserted afterward, it was a narrow victory.<i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0025236601/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0025236601&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=ad13ccb381f4beab1b23a17089c55271 The Campaigns of Napoleon]</i>, (New York: Macmillan, 1966)Adkin, p. 156178</ref> Napoleon’s army was no longer an organized fighting force, and the British and Prussians were about to invade France, which was practically defenseless. It was evident that the situation was hopeless and after a failed suicide bid Napoleon was sent to the island of St Helena where he would die.

If Bonaparte == How many casualties did the Battle of Waterloo have? ==Waterloo cost the British army around 14,500 dead or wounded, and the Prussians under Blücher suffered some 7,200 casualties. The French army had won it seems likely that Europe would have once again experienced some 25,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded. Some 6000 to 7000 French soldiers were taken prisoner, and another 15,000 men deserted. Waterloo was a series of warsdecisive victory for the allies.<ref> BarberoChandler, pDavid, <i>[https://www.amazon. 178<com/gp/product/0025236601/ref> Waterloo ended the career of Napoleon =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0025236601&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c- one of the greatest generals in history. It also ended the last serious attempt by France to dominate Europe. 20&linkId=ad13ccb381f4beab1b23a17089c55271 The battle was to bring four decades of international peace to Europe. In the aftermath of the defeat Campaigns of Napoleon]</i>, the great powers (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 156</ref> Napoleon’s army was no longer an organized an international system that provided Europe with much-needed stability. At fighting force, and the Congress of ViennaBritish and Prussians were about to invade France, the great powers except for Britain established principles which was practically defenseless. It was evident that provided some stability for Europe until the Crimean Warsituation was hopeless, in and after a period failed suicide bid, Napoleon was sent to the island of significant change.<ref> PalmerSt Helena, pwhere he would die. 234</ref>

====The Reasons for Napoleon's Failure====The are several reasons Napoleon failed at Waterloo. A significant factor in Napoleon's defeat was the timely arrival of BlucherIf Bonaparte had won, which was not anticipated by the French. Napoleon had not prepared for the arrival it seems likely that Europe would have once again experienced a series of the Prussian armywars.<ref>ChandlerBarbero, p. 134.178</ref> Wellington Waterloo ended the career of Napoleon - one of the greatest generals in his despatches history. It also ended the last serious attempt by France to London made it clear how import Blucher's arrival dominate Europe. The battle was to the outcome bring four decades of the battleinternational peace to Europe.

Another key reason was In the unexpected bravery aftermath of Napoleon's defeat, the British and the other allied soldiersgreat powers organized an international system that provided Europe with much-needed stability. Though inexperienced, they bravely resisted At the onslaught Congress of Vienna, the French. They withstood several French attacks, including an assault from great powers except for Britain established principles that provided some stability for Europe until the Imperial GuardCrimean War, the finest soldiers in Europea period of significant change. Wellington and his officers had been able to provide the men with resolute leadership which meant that their soldiers did not buckle under the repeated French charges<ref> Palmer, p. 234</ref>

Another == Why was Napoleon's Defeated? ==The are several reasons Napoleon failed at Waterloo. A significant factor in Napoleon's defeat was the terrible weatherBlucher's timely arrival, heavy rain had turned much of the battlefield into a mud bath, and this had greatly slowed which was not anticipated by the French during their attacks. This was particularly Napoleon had not prepared for the case given that arrival of the forces of Napoleon were attacking uphillPrussian army.<ref> AdkinChandler, p. 157134.</ref> The weather had also delayed the French attack by several hours and this Wellington, in his despatches to London, made it clear how important Blucher's arrival was to prove crucialthe battle outcome.

If Another key reason was the French had been able to attack in the early hours they could have swept unexpected bravery of the British from and the field before the arrival of their Prussian alliesother allied soldiers. Then there was Napoleon’s mistake in organizing Though inexperienced, they bravely resisted the first attack on the British centre. The formation onslaught of the First French Corps was not suitable for a swift attack and this meant that it was relatively ineffective. According to They withstood several French attacks, including an official French investigation into assault from the battle Imperial Guard, the ‘inconceivable formation of the first corps, finest soldiers in masses very much too deep for Europe. Wellington and his officers had provided the first grand attack.’<ref> Comte d'Erlonmen with resolute leadership, Jean-Baptiste Drouet (1815), Drouet's account of Waterloo to which meant that their soldiers did not buckle under the repeated French Parliament, pcharges. 3</ref>

Then there Another factor was the superiority of the British cavalryterrible weather. Because Heavy rain had turned much of the constant warsbattlefield into a mud bath, which had greatly slowed the European armies could not access good horsesFrench during their attacks. The British were able to secure excellent horses from England and especially Ireland and this meant This was particularly the case given that they were more effective at Waterloo. On the other hand, the French cavalry horses forces of Napoleon were not as good and this was a real disadvantageattacking uphill.<ref>Adkin, p. 212157</ref> The charge of weather had also delayed the British Heavy Brigade French attack by several hours, and this was particularly important at a most dangerous stage in the battle for the British and when they seemed on the verge of defeat. The superior horses of the British gave them an ‘important advantage on the battlefieldto prove crucial.’<ref> Fletcher, Ian , <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811707032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0811707032&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=be1e5cee696a739afca24453fc1f9afd Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15]</i>, (Staplehurst, Spellmount, 1999), 201</ref>

====Conclusion====Waterloo was If the end of an era, and the defeat of Napoleon ushered in a period of peace in Europe. Napoleon had come close to victory, but Wellington and Blucher French had been able to turn attack in the tide of battle and inflict a decisive defeat early hours, they could have swept the British from the field before their Prussian allies' arrival. Then there was Napoleon’s mistake in organizing the first attack on the French army. <ref> Drouet, p. 3</ref> The British army proved to be more capable than expectedcenter. The weather was also not in favor formation of the First FrenchCorps was not suitable for a swift attack, and the British had superior cavalrythis meant that it was relatively ineffective. Napoleon’s strategy was once again of According to an official French investigation into the highest qualitybattle, but the timely arrival ‘inconceivable formation of the Prussians changed first corps, in masses very much too deep for the course of the battlefirst grand attack. It seems likely that Wellington would have been forced to retreat if the Prussians had not arrived’<ref> Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet (1815), their arrival led Drouet's account of Waterloo to the destruction of the French army and the end of the Napoleonic Wars in EuropeParliament, p.3</ref>

Then the British cavalry was superior. Because of the constant wars, the European armies could not access good horses. The British were able to secure excellent horses from England and especially Ireland, which meant they were more effective at Waterloo. On the other hand, the French cavalry horses were not as good, which was a real disadvantage.<ref>Adkin, p. 212</ref> The charge of the British Heavy Brigade was particularly important at a most dangerous stage in the battle for the British and when they seemed on the verge of defeat. The superior horses of the British gave them an ‘important advantage on the battlefield.’<ref> Fletcher, Ian, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811707032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0811707032&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=be1e5cee696a739afca24453fc1f9afd Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15]</i>, (Staplehurst, Spellmount, 1999), 201</ref> == Why was the timely arrival of the Prussians decisive at Waterloo? ==Waterloo was the end of an era, and Napoleon's defeat ushered in a period of peace in Europe. Napoleon had come close to victory, but Wellington and Blucher had been able to turn the tide of battle and inflict a decisive defeat on the French army. <ref> Drouet, p. 3</ref> The British army proved to be more capable than expected. The weather was also not in favor of the French, and the British had superior cavalry. Napoleon’s strategy was once again of the highest quality, but the timely arrival of the Prussians changed the course of the battle. It seems likely that Wellington would have been forced to retreat if the Prussians had not arrived. Their arrival led to the destruction of the French army and the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. <div class="portal" style="'float:left; width:8535%;"'>

Updated January 21September 20, 20192021