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The Borgia’s driving ambition was also a factor in destabilizing Italy and Pope Alexander played a part in encouraging France to invade Italy which was to lead to almost three decades of war. Cesare was as brilliant as his father but did further damage to the reputation of the Church and the Papacy and his ambitions in the Papal States led to unnecessary wars and conflicts. The Borgias were not particular, corrupt or evil. However, the family and their ambitions did damage the institutions of the Renaissance Papacy, upset the balance of power among the City-States and they helped to usher in a new and bloody phase in Italian history.

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*[[What was the influence of Emperor Frederick II on the Italian Renaissance?]]

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