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==Introduction==__NOTOC__[[File:PEP ONE.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|A bust of Pericles]]One of the most important wars in the Ancient World was the [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0192821911/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0192821911&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=5fd0b01d22c877e6aa555ca1eb8eacff Peloponnesian War ] (431-404 BCE). This The conflict was a long drawn out war between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. It convulsed Greece and changed the course of the Classical world. The war ended the Golden Age of Athenian Culture and arguably weakened the Greek world forever. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War? The origins of such a conflict are complex and these will be evaluated in this work. It will be argued in this piece The primary causes were that the ultimate origins of the war lay in Sparta’s fear of Sparta feared the growing might power and influence of the Athenian Empire. In the aftermath of the Persian Wars, the two powers could not come to an agreement on their respective spheres of influence and this led to friction and eventually outright war. Athens and its ambitions also led to increasing instability and this is exemplified in the Megarian Decree. The profoundly different societies of Athens and Sparta was also a significant factor in the war’s outbreak, which also had an ideological aspect.[[File:PEP ONE.jpg|thumbnail|200px|A bust of Pericles]]

==Background==The origins of the Peloponnesian War lay in the Greeks victory over the Persians. The Greeks had combined under the leadership of Sparta and Athens to defeat the Persians, then the most powerful empire in Asia. In the aftermath of war began after the Persian Wars the Greeks were unable to maintain their unityended in 449 BCE. The Greek world was riven by cultural and ethnic differences and people’s first loyalty was two powers struggled to agree on their Polis or local city or community. There was a definite sense respective spheres of ‘Greekness’ and a common cultural heritage <ref> Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (Ithacainfluence, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), p. 56</ref>. Yet this was not enough to overcome deep divisions in the Greek world and as soon as the Persians left they immediately began to fall out amongst themselves. Sparta a very conservative society had opted out of the war with absent Persia once their invasion had been defeated. Athens continued the war against Persia and it formed the Delian League's influence. This League was an alliance of city-states disagreement led to friction and islands that vowed to continue the eventually outright war against the Persians<ref>Kagan, p. 113</ref>. Over time the Athenians, who were the largest maritime power in the Aegean came to dominate the Delian League. This was the Golden Age of Athens and was the era of PlatoAdditionally, Socrates and countless other great cultural figures and artists. Gradually the Athenians began to turn the Delian League into an Empire. Athens used it superior navy to intimidate its allies and they eventually became mere tributaries of the Athenians. Sparta soon became very suspicious of the growing power of Athens. It was the head of the powerful Peloponnesian League, which comprised large city-states such as Corinth and Thebes. The League became very concerned about the Athenians huge fleet of ships that allowed it to dominate its former allies. Athens had also been turned into a formidable stronghold, by the Athenians, when they constructed the ‘Long Walls’. These walls connected the city with its port, Piraeus and allowed the city to supply itself and made any siege of the city unlikely to succeed <re> Kagan, p. 113</ref>. Athens growing ambitions led to tensions with its neighbors and eventually this led to a warcaused increasing instability in Greece. This involved The profoundly different Athens and Corinth, with the latter receiving some support from Sparta. This conflict ended with a peace treaty and societies were also a ‘Thirty Years Peace’, This significant factor in theory guaranteed Athens and Sparta their respective spheres of influence. Corinth and other members of the Peloponnesian League were unhappy about Sparta’s lack of leadership. Some leading Sparta became concerned that inaction would push the other major Greek powerswar’s outbreak, to side with Athens. During the so-called thirty Year Peace Athens grew ever stronger and in many ways arrogant, as seen in its increasing haughty attitude to its subject city-stateswhich also had an ideological aspect.

== How did Athens's growing power threaten Sparta? ==[[File:PEP TWOTHREE.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|Map Statuette of a Spartan Warrior]]The origins of the Long Walls Peloponnesian War lay in Greece's victory over the Persian Empire. The Greeks had combined under Sparta and Athens' leadership to defeat the Persians, then the most powerful empire in Asia. In the aftermath of Athens]]the Persian Wars, the Greeks were unable to maintain their unity. Cultural and ethnic differences were driving the Greek world apart. People’s first loyalty was often to their Polis or local city.

==Long-term Factors in the Outbreak of War==The underlying cause of the war While there was the rapid rise a definite sense of the Athenians. They had grown from just another city-state to an Empire. During ‘Greekness’ and after the Persian Warsa common cultural heritage, it had transformed itself and became a major trading and maritime power did not override the more local loyalties.<ref> CawkwellKagan, GeorgeDonald. Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War (London <i>[https: Routledge, 1997), p 67</ref>/www. It had developed into the greatest maritime power in the Greek world and had the ability to dominate the trade routes in the eastern Mediterraneanamazon. It had emerged as a great Empire in a very quick period of time and this upset the traditional balance of power. For many decades’ Sparta, had been the greatest power in Greece, this was based on its wellcom/gp/product/0801495563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0801495563&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-disciplined and much-feared army. 20&linkId=a72c6923cec3d4d8a05a33168424d78d The Spartan Hoplite were considered Outbreak of the best soldiers in the Greek world Peloponnesian War]<ref/i>Hanson(Ithaca, Victor Davis. A War Like No OtherNY: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War. (New York: Random HouseCornell University Press, 20051989), p. 56</ref>. The rise This notion of Athens meant that there were two great powers in Greekness was not enough to overcome deep divisions within the Greek world. These powers both had a network of alliances all over As soon as the Greek world and beyond. The Greeks became divided into a Spartan and an Athenian camp<ref> CawkwellPersians left, p.115</ref>. Athens and Sparta had different spheres of influences, as outlined in the ‘Thirty Year Peace’ treaty and theoretically this meant that they both could have lived in peaceful co-existenceGreeks immediately began to quarrel with each other. Athens controlled the coastal areas of Greece and the Greek islands, while Sparta, a land power could control the Peloponnese. Despite thisdeeply conservative society, Sparta grew increasingly fearful had opted out of Athens and its main ally Corinth Persia's war after their invasion was actively encouraging it to attack Athens<ref> Hanson, p. 117</ref>repelled. In 440 BCE, Corinth urged the Spartans to wage war on Athens when it was suppressing a revolt on continued the island of Samos. The Spartan Kings always cautious had decided not to become involved in a war with their former allies. Howeveragainst Persia, and it formed the Thirty Years Peace was under increasing strainDelian League. In the Spartan assembly, there This League was growing alarm at the growth an alliance of Athenian power <ref> Kagan, p. 134</ref>. As Athens seemed to be growing more powerful there was a growing warcity-party in Sparta. They argued states and islands that the Spartans had vowed to attack Athens before it became too powerful. The fear of Athens increasingly led continue the Spartans to prepare for war, even though there is against the Persians until they no evidence that the Athenians had any designs on Sparta or its allieslonger represented a threat to their alliance.<ref>Kagan, p. 213113</ref>. There were those in Athens who believed that a war should be welcomed. There was a strong ‘imperial’ party in the city who believed that it was entitled to a great empire because of its role in the defeat of the Persians.

The belief that Spartan fear Over time the Athenians, who were the largest maritime power in the Aegean, dominated the Delian League. This era constituted the Golden Age of Athens and was concurrent with Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle's lives. Gradually, the ultimate cause Athenians began to turn the Delian League into an Empire. Athens used its superior navy to intimidate its allies, and they eventually became mere tributaries of the war Athenians. Sparta soon became very suspicious of Athens's growing power. Sparta was the view head of Thucydidesthe powerful Peloponnesian League, comprised of several large city-states, including Corinth and Thebes. According The League was very concerned about the Athenian fleet because it allowed Athens to, dominate Greece's seas. Athens had also been turned into a formidable stronghold when the great Greek historian, Thucydides city constructed the growth of ‘Long Walls.’ These walls connected the ‘power of Athenscity with its port, Piraeus, and allowed the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon (Sparta)city to supply itself, and made war inevitableany siege of the city unlikely to succeed.<ref>ThucydidesKagan, The Peloponnesian War 1p.67–71113</ref> Athens's growing ambitions led to tensions with its neighbors and eventually led to war. "He believed that This conflict involved Athens and Corinth, with the Peloponnesian War was inevitablelatter receiving some support from Sparta. This war ended with a peace treaty and a ‘Thirty Years Peace.’ This treaty, because when a rising power confronted another powerin theory, they would inevitably wage a war against each guaranteed Athens and Sparta their respective spheres of influence. Corinth and other to further or protect their interests<ref>Thucydides, The members of the Peloponnesian War 1.67–71 </ref>League were unhappy about Sparta’s lack of leadership. Some later historians have also argued leading Spartans became concerned that war was inevitable between their inaction would push the two greatest other major Greek powersto side with Athens. It is still widely held that in international relations, During the growth of a nationso-state or empire will inevitably lead to rivalry called thirty Year Peace, Athens grew ever stronger and war with an established power <ref>Kaganin many ways arrogant, p. 71 </ref>as seen in its increasing haughty attitude to its subject city-states.

==Sparta and AthensHow did the Peloponnesian War Start? ==The Spartans and underlying cause of the Athenians were very different societies. Athens war was a democracy, and it was very individualistic. The population played a very important role in politics and indeed it was a radical democracy. The citizens, (only free males) could directly vote on the affairs rapid rise of the Athenians. They had grown from just another city-state into an Empire. Sparta was almost It had transformed itself during and after the opposite of Athens in every way. It was Persian Wars and became a very stratified major trading and conservative societymaritime power. It was ostensibly ruled by two kings, from two royal families<ref>ThucydidesCawkwell, The Peloponnesian War 1George.67–71 <i>[https:/ref>/www. The kings shared power with a council of elders (Gerousia)amazon. Sparta society depended on a servile population com/gp/product/B000FA5ZGY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B000FA5ZGY&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=b0d12599fc35ad97a1a071a79c90ab5e Thucydides and the helots who toiled the lands of Lacodemia for their Spartan mastersPeloponnesian War]<ref/i>Thucydides(London: Routledge, 1997), The Peloponnesian War 1.67–71 p 67</ref>. Sparta was a highly military society and It had developed into the need for a strong and well-disciplined army was greatest maritime power in the main concern of the state. The state took boys from their family Greek world and trained them from youth to be soldiers. The role of women was to produce good soldiers and men were expected to be brave warriors. The profound cultural and political differences between could dominate the two great Greek powers contributed to trade routes in the wareastern Mediterranean. They It had real difficulties understanding each other emerged as a great Empire in a quick period, and this lead to mutual suspicions. Because upset the traditional balance of their different political systems and cultures they were often ideologically opposedpower. For many decades Sparta favored had been the many oligarchies greatest military power in Greece. Sparta's well-disciplined and distrusted much-feared army was the role source of the common people in governmentits military power. In contrast, Athens encouraged democracy and believed that it The Spartan Hoplite was considered the best form of government soldiers in the Greek world.<ref>ThucydidesHanson, The Peloponnesian War 1Victor Davis.67–71 <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812969707/ref>. This ideological rivalry between Sparta =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812969707&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2988ca75b4a6858afae8101e8c5ce3d0 A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Athens did much to increase tensions in the run up to the outbreak of Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War and was a contributing factor]</i>. (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 56</ref>

The rise of Athens meant that there were two great powers in the Greek world. These powers both had a network of alliances all over the Greek world and beyond. The Greeks became divided into a Spartan and an Athenian camp.<ref>Cawkwell, p.115</ref> Athens and Sparta had different spheres of influence, as outlined in the ‘Thirty Year Peace’ treaty, and theoretically, this meant that they both could have lived in peaceful co-existence. Athens controlled Greece's coastal areas and the Greek islands, while Sparta, a land power, could control the Peloponnese. Despite this, Sparta grew increasingly fearful of Athens, and its main ally Corinth was actively encouraging it to attack Athens.<ref>Hanson, p. 117</ref>  In 440 BCE, Corinth urged the Spartans to wage war on Athens simultaneously as Cornith was suppressing a revolt on the island of Samos. The Spartan Kings were cautious and decided to avoid conflict with Athens at that time. However, the Thirty Years Peace was under increasing strain. In the Spartan assembly, they were growing alarmed at the growth of Athenian power.<ref> Kagan, p. 134</ref> As Athens seemed to be growing more powerful, there was a growing pro-war party in Sparta. They argued that the Spartans had to attack Athens before it became too powerful. The fear of Athens increasingly led the Spartans to prepare for war, even though there is no evidence that the Athenians had any designs on Sparta or its allies.<ref>Kagan, p. 213</ref> Additionally, there were those in Athens who believed that war should be welcomed. There was a strong ‘imperial’ party in Athens who believed that it was entitled to a great empire because of its role in the Persians' defeat. Sparta's concerns were not entirely unfounded. The Greek historian Thucydides argued that Sparta's fear of Athens was the ultimate cause of the war. According to Thucydides, the growth of Athens's ‘power and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon (Sparta) made war inevitable."<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> 1.67–71</ref> Thucydides believed that the Peloponnesian War was inevitable because when a rising power confronted another power, they would inevitably wage war against each other to further or protect their interests.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> 1.67–71 </ref> Some later historians have also argued that war was inevitable between the two greatest Greek powers. It is still widely held that in international relations, the growth of a nation-state or empire will inevitably lead to rivalry and war with an established power.<ref>Kagan, p. 71 </ref> <dh-ad/> == Who fought in the Peloponnesian War? ==Immediate causes The primary combatants in the Peloponnesian War were the city-states of Athens and Sparta and had allies that supported them during the war. The Spartans and the Athenians had radically different societies. Athens was a democracy, and it was very individualistic. The population played a significant role in politics, and indeed it was a fairly radical democracy for the time. The citizens (only free males) could directly vote on the affairs of the city. Sparta was almost the opposite of Athens in every way. It was a very stratified and conservative society. Two kings from two royal families ostensibly ruled it.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> 1.67–71 </ref> The kings shared power with a council of elders (Gerousia). Sparta society depended on a servile population. The helots toiled the lands of Lacodemia for their Spartan masters.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> 1.67–71 </ref> Sparta was a highly militarized society, and the need for a strong and well-disciplined army was the main concern of the state. The state took boys from their families and trained them from youth to be soldiers. The role of women was to produce good soldiers, and men were expected to be brave warriors.  The profound cultural and political differences between the two great Greek powers contributed to the war. They had real difficulties understanding each other, and this lead to mutual suspicions. Because of their different political systems and cultures, they were often ideologically opposed. Sparta favored the many oligarchies and distrusted the role of the common people in government. In contrast, Athens encouraged democracy and believed that it was the best form of government.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> 1.67–71</ref> This ideological rivalry between Sparta and Athens did much to increase tensions in the run-up to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian Warand was a contributing factor. == What event sparked the war between Athens and Sparta? ==<div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'> ====Related DailyHistory.org Articles===={{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=7}}</div>[[File:PEP FOUR.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|Vase showing an Athenian ship, a Trireme]]The tensions between the Athenians and the Greek only Sparta grew. Thucydides noted that many believed that war was only a matter of time and that the Thirty Years Peace Treaty would soon be brokenby one side or the other. There All Greece needed was a crisis when spark to start a Greek colony in war.  Thrace that was in and Athens had a dispute with Athens and the Thracians, a Spartan ally, asked the Spartans for assistance. Athens despite this laid decided to lay siege to the colony. The Athenians, at this time , were also in dispute with the small city-state of Megara and they . They unilaterally banned the ships of that city Megara from its port and its allies. This became known as the Megarian Decree. Megara was a long-time Spartan ally and this , which was widely resented, as it was seen as an attempt to make Megara completely dependent on Athens<ref>Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.71-73 </ref>. [16] This was not acceptable to Sparta , and they believed that if Megara came within the orbit of the Athenians that , they would use the port to weaken their position in Greece.  Her allies supported Sparta, supported by her allies and demanded that Athens withdraw the Megarian decreeDecree, but this was Athens opposed by Athensit. Pericles , the Athenian Empire's de-facto leader of the Athenian Empire , argued against such a move as it would only encourage the Spartans to make more demands.<ref>Kagan, p. 115</ref>. Thucydides states that the Corinthians condemned Sparta's lack of action until then and warned them that they had remained too passive for too long. They demanded action. Sparta was concerned that if it displayed any weakness that this could lead to its losing its pre-eminent position in the Peloponnese League.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War </i> 1.67–71 </ref>.  The Athenians were extremely confident , and they knew that as long as they had their navy and their ‘Long Walls’ that they could not be defeated even if they could not beat Sparta and her allies on the battlefield. This strategy was recommended by Pericles to the Athenians and was much praised by Thucydides. Sparta began to contemplate war , but they seemed unwilling to formally declare warformally. Then the situation spun out of control when the allies of Sparta attacked the allies of Athens. The Spartans came to believe that they had no choice but to go to war. In 431 BCE, the senior Spartan king led an army into the countryside around Athens and laid it waste. This was the start of the great Peloponnesian War. The According to Thucydides' writings, the early years of the war were a stalemate because according to Thucydides writings, this was because the Athenians followed Pericles 's cautious strategy.<ref>Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 2.69–71 </ref>.  Later Athens, encouraged by Alcibiades , launched the Sicilian expedition to conquer Sicily during a lull in the fighting, known as the Peace of Nicias. This proved to be a disaster and it , which led to the loss of an Athenian army and navy. Remarkably, the Athenians continued to fight , and the Spartans needed Persian help to defeat them.<ref>Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War </i> 6.6–11 </ref>. The destruction of the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami ended the war, and Athens surrendered the following year. Athens was forced to tear down its Long Walls and was fortunate not to be utterly destroyed. [[File:PEP FOUR.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Vase showing an Athenian ship, a Trireme]]==ConclusionsWhat were the long-term effects of the Peloponnesian War on Greece? ==The Peloponnesian War changed Greece in every way. Nothing was the same after the war , and Athens was never to be as powerful. The causes of the war, are that the Athenian Empire upset the Greek world's balance of power in the Greek world. This greatly alarmed Sparta and its allies. The Athens' aggressive policies of Athens did not help the situation- the ambitions of the city-state 's ambitions certainly provoked the Spartans. Increasingly, the Spartans became very nervous about the growing naval and commercial power of Athens. At first, they resisted the calls of its allied to declare war on its arch-rival. Once Athens had issued the Megarian degreedecree, it initiated a chain of event events that led to the Spartan invasion of the Athenian territory. The deep big cultural differences between the two Greek powers was also a contributory factor to the increasing tensions that later exploded into an all-out war that consumed the entire Greek world.  ====References====<references/> [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Ancient Greek History]] [[Category:Ancient History]] [[Category:History of Science and Technology]]  {{Contributors}} Updated December 7, 2020