15,697
edits
Changes
no edit summary
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SosZ2ZRJymU</youtube>
__NOTOC__
[[File:Trails_of_Tears_en.png|left|thumbnail|300px|left|Map showing the trails that Native Americans were forced to follow during Indian Removal]]
Native Americans also held some of the farmlands in the Southeast United States. Several of these tribes had already begun to farm these lands and earnest and make them productive. Both states and settlers wanted to seize these agricultural lands from the Native Americans. The states, such as Georgia, cared little that Native Americans had placed farms on these lands, purchased slaves, or built homes. The tribes did not recognize the states authority over their lands, because they viewed themselves as independent nations.
<div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'>
====Related Articles====
{{#dpl:category=History of the Early Republic|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=6}}
</blockquote>
The first piece of legislation passed after Jackson took office was the 1830 Indian Removal Act. The 1830 Act was just a first step in a long process that forced Native American off their land to make way white settlers.
====The Treaty of New Echota Splits the Cherokee Legal OppositionNation====The A minority faction of the Cherokee Nation resisted, however, challenging in court the Georgia laws nation led by John Ridge realized that restricted there was little they could do to prevent removal from their freedoms on tribal lands. In his 1831 ruling on Cherokee Nation v. the State Instead of Georgiafighting it, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that “the Indian territory is admitted they decided to compose negotiate a part of treaty with the United States,” and affirmed that to get the tribes were “domestic dependent nations” best terms possible. The Cherokee Nation divided on between Ridge's Treaty Party and “their relation John Ross's National Party. A delegation was sent to the United States resembles that of negotiate a ward to his guardian.” However, the following year the Supreme Court reversed itself Treaty and ruled that Indian tribes they ultimately were indeed sovereign promised $5 million dollars and immune from Georgia laws. President Jackson nonetheless refused the right to heed hold the Court’s decisionlands in modern-day Oklahoma in perpetuity. He obtained Ridge's group agreed to the signature of a Cherokee chief agreeing to relocation in terms and received approval from the Treaty of Party in New Echota, which . Congress then ratified against the protests of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay in 1835. The Cherokee signing party represented only a faction of the Cherokee, and the majority followed Principal Chief John Ross in a desperate attempt to hold onto their land. This attempt faltered in 1838, when, under the guns of federal troops and Georgia state militia, the Cherokee tribe were forced to the dry plains across the Mississippi.
<div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'>
====Related Articles====
{{#dpl:category=Native American History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=6}}
</div>
====Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears====
Cherokees had split on the issue of removal. Some members of the tribe left early and cherry-picked some of the best lands in Oklahoma while others resisted forced removal. Chief John Ross supported passive resistance, but it accomplished little. Martin Van Buren organized the removal of 18,000 Native Americans between 1838 and 1839. Anyone who resisted removal was imprisoned and then forcibly removed. Due to the lack of preparation and funding by the United States government, 4,000 Cherokees died from exposure, starvation, and disease on their way to Oklahoma. The Cherokees named this forced march "the trail on which we cried," aka the Trail of Tears.
====Conclusion====
To achieve his purpose, Jackson encouraged Congress to adopt the Removal Act of 1830. The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. As incentives, the law allowed the Indians financial and material assistance to travel to their new locations and start new lives and guaranteed that the Indians would live on their new property under the protection of the United States Government forever. With the Act in place, Jackson and his followers were free to persuade, bribe, and threaten tribes into signing removal treaties and leaving the Southeast. With the exception of a small number of Seminoles still resisting removal in Florida, by the 1840s, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, no Indian tribes resided in the American South. In general terms, Jackson’s government succeeded. By the end of his presidency, he had signed into law almost seventy removal treaties, the result of which was to move nearly 50,000 eastern Indians to Indian Territory—defined as the region belonging to the United States west of the Mississippi River but excluding the states of Missouri and Iowa as well as the Territory of Arkansas—and open millions of acres of rich land east of the Mississippi to white settlers. Despite the vastness of the Indian Territory, the government intended that the Indians’ destination would be a more confined area—what later became eastern Oklahoma. Through a combination of coerced treaties and the contravention of treaties and judicial determination, the United States Government succeeded in paving the way for the westward expansion and the incorporation of new territories as part of the United States.
[[Category:US State Department]] [[Category:Wikis]]
[[Category:United States History]] [[Category:Colonial American Historyof the Early Republic]] [[Category:18th 19th Century History]] [[Category:Political History]] [[Category:Diplomatic History]][[Category:Native American History]]
* Select portions of this article are republished from [https://history.state.gov/| Office of the Historian, United States Department of State]
* Article: [https://history.state.gov/milestones/17501830-17751860/albanyindian-plantreaties| Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties]