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[[File:5041.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 1. Roman triumphs were intended to show the glory of the leader and Rome as a great spectacle to the public]]__NOTOC__Official propaganda promulgated by governments has existed since the earliest writing and government-sponsored art since the 3rd millennium BCE. Early forms of propaganda were intended to show the ruler and government under in the favour favor of the gods. While this has changed, the general purpose of propaganda has been to convince a ruler's population on the efficacy of a ruler's destiny or relevance in the ruling.

==Early Forms of ==When was Government Propagandafirst created?====Early forms of propaganda in the Near East and Egypt took the form of visual, often official art such as statues, inscriptions, and monumental art. Sometimes the art was small-scale objects, such as cylinder seals. Other times, propaganda included formal statements on public works such as temples created. A consistent theme in history is as new media became invented, governments used those as vehicles of official propaganda and writing and art became among the earliest forms governments used to portray their central messages. In particular, propaganda often focused on war or serving the gods. In both cases, the favor of the gods is demonstrated through propaganda by showing the ruler's power and favor.

Early forms of propaganda in the Near East and Egypt took the form of visual, often official art such as statues, inscriptions, and monumental art. Sometimes the art was small scale objects, such as cylinder seals. Other times, propaganda included formal statements on public works such as temples created. In particular, propaganda often focused on war or serving the gods. In both cases, the favor of the gods is demonstrated through propaganda by showing the ruler's power and favour. Inscriptions in buildings, such as temples, and stele steles would commemorate great acts by kings. These were often intended to demonstrate that kings accomplished ' accomplishments and fulfilling their sacred duties by upholding the local religion or belief. This also was the case in war, where defending one's people and demonstrating the power of gods through warfare success was also part of the propaganda literature in the Near East, Egypt, and up to China from the 3rd to 1st millennium BCE.<ref>For more on early propaganda in Egypt and Near East, see: Pu, M., 2005. <i>Enemies of civilization: attitudes toward foreigners in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China </i>. SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture. State University of New York Press, Albany. </ref>

In the Roman period, Roman politicians began to compete with other leading politicians for political power. Roman leaders, such as Caesar or Dio Cassius, began the art of creating auto-biographies where the authors wrote accounts of battles in wild lands wildlands and tribes, such as in Gaul (France) and Caledonian (Scotland). These works were not just historical accounts, although they provide historical detail, but they are intended to serve as propaganda for their vision of Rome and the leadership they provided. They also portrayed those outside outsides of Rome as savages who were unenlightened and helping to justify the Roman invasion. Even well known literature, such as the <i>Aeneid</i>, were written at a time, in this during the reign of Augustus (the first emperor), where Rome was increasing its Mediterranean authority. Roman triumphs were used to show the glory of the emperor or leader as well as the power of Rome to the wider public through a large spectacle that demonstrated Rome's civilizing power (Figure 1). In the <i>Aeneid</i>, the works of the Greeks are described as great achievements, but even the Greeks needed Roman authority to govern. These works justified the emperor's actions as well as Roman conquest and subsequent governing. The emperor cult also began during the time of Augustus, where emperors were worshiped as demi-gods or rulers who were divinely approved. Propaganda did shift over time, from the 1st century CE to 2nd century CE, conquests were critical, thus propaganda justified this. From the 2nd century CE, civil authority and benefit were part of the propaganda. Emperors demonstrating their achievement in public works was just as critical as those who were successful in the battlefield. Roman propaganda often had different audiences. Often, military propaganda focused on the army, as they helped to command influence and building reputation among the rulers helped them to solidify their power. As Roman citizenship expanded, Rome portrayed itself as the civilizing power where imperialism helped bring order in an otherwise chaotic world. Thus, becoming a Roman citizen was a pinnacle of achievement.

[[File:5041.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Whether it was the Roman triumphs standard or other official art, Rome was generally shown as the civilizing power that brought light and justice to those who were intended to show conquered. Even well-known literature, such as the <i>Aeneid</i>, was written at a time of propaganda, in that it was written during the glory reign of Augustus (the leader and first emperor), where Rome was increasing its Mediterranean authority. In <i>Aeneid</i>, the works of the Greeks are described as a great spectacle achievements, but even the Greeks needed Roman authority to govern. These works justified the public]]emperor's actions as well as Roman conquest and subsequent governing.

==Medieval Roman triumphs were used to show the glory of the emperor or leader as well as the power of Rome to the wider public through a large spectacle that demonstrated Rome's great military and civilizing power (Figure 1). The emperor cult also began during the time of Augustus, where emperors were worshiped as demi-gods or rulers who were divinely approved. Propaganda did shift over time, from the 1st century CE to 2nd century CE, conquests were critical, thus propaganda justified this. From the 2nd century CE, civil authority and Early Modern==benefit were part of the propaganda. Emperors demonstrating their achievement in public works was just as critical as those who were successful on the battlefield. Roman propaganda often had different audiences.

Medieval European Often, military propaganda can be divided into chroniclesfocused on the army, hagiographyas they helped to command influence and building reputation among the rulers, which was a type of reporting of what was happening around a narratorhelped rulers to solidify their power. As Roman citizenship expanded, Rome portrayed itself as the civilizing power where imperialism and a type of monograph or book. Visual arts were also used as gaining citizenship helped bring order in previous periodsan otherwise chaotic world. This timeThus, most visual arts about leaders or governments focused on demonstrating them as having divine benefaction and that their governing becoming a Roman citizen was part a pinnacle of an ordained processachievement. Writings also were widely used as part of <ref>For more on Roman propaganda. Chronicles provided a more dry, descriptive accounting of events in a type of linear process that describes events from year to year. A good example of this are the Chronicles of Alfred the Greatsee: Jowett, G. These, although often useful historicallyO’Donnell, were propaganda at their core because they often focused on events that could be shaped to help the ruler or show support that the ruler receives from GodV. Hagiography was a type of first person perspective given about events occurring around a narrator, 1999. These often intersect divine intervention or interpreted events in a divine manner that could help the ruler. Descriptive monographs often were portrayed as works for a more sophisticated audience and were often quite long. The <i>AntapodosisPropaganda and persuasion</i> is a good example of such a work that also demonstrates that these works often attempted to guide their audience by telling them how to interpret and understand events. These works were a type of historical analysis as well as guide to audiences in understanding events from the point of view of3rd ed. ed. Sage Publications, more oftenThousand Oaks, the governing bodiespg. 54.</ref>

With the printing press becoming widely available after the 16th century, ====Medieval Propaganda and Early Modern====<dh-ad/>Medieval European propaganda began to take a different dimension in the early Modern period. Nowcan be divided into chronicles, we begin to find newspapers being used for the first time to help sway the masses in government positioning or about current affairs such as the debate between Protestants and Catholics. The Habsburg Dynasty began to use newspapers to publish daily or near daily war accountshagiography, all which was a type of which favoured the crown. With the printing pressreporting of what was happening around a narrator, posters and newspapers became more common and factions within governments a type of monograph or rivals to power book. Visual arts were also equally used these media to promote their messagesas in previous periods. During the Napoleonic warsThis time, Napoleon moved away from religious symbolism most visual arts about leaders or governments focused on demonstrating them as having divine benefaction and propaganda to that their governing was part of an ordained process. Chronicles provided a more secular approach. Heroism and success dry, descriptive accounting of events in the battlefield was given as reason enough a type of linear process that describes events from year to promote success and his portrayal as a great leaderyear. Sweeping paintings that show heroic conquests and portrayal created a personality cult around By being somewhat dry, the leadervoice sounded neutral but in reality, portrayed an official government account. Napoleon famously used paintings from well known artists to portray himself as A good example of this is the secular saviour Chronicles of FranceAlfred the Great. These, although interestingly sometimes this utilised religious symbolism often useful historically, were propaganda at their core because they often focused on events that could be shaped to help the ruler or symbolism show support that the ruler received from the Roman periodGod.

World War I began the era of military and government propaganda that de-emphasized With the ruler and focused more on printing press becoming widely available after the people. In this case16th century, propaganda tried began to make people feel compelled that it was their duty to serve the state in times of peril or war (Figure 2). Increasingly, stories of the enemy conducting atrocities, whether real or imagined, were portrayed take a different dimension in the wider mediaEarly Modern period. With the rise of film and radioNow, propaganda began we begin to move find newspapers being used for the first time to this new medium. Propaganda could now reach not only help sway the entire country easily but it could be broadcast beyond. This opened up new forms of propaganda masses in World War 2 with radio personalities government positioning or about current affairs such as Tokyo Rose that attempted to discourage American soldiersthe debate between Protestants and Catholics. The Habsburg Dynasty began to use newspapers to publish daily or near-daily war effort was also fully mobilised in the populationaccounts, with different forms all of propaganda geared towards men and womenwhich favored the crown. For womenWith the printing press, it was about serving their country in the factories posters and newspapers became more common and factions within governments or helping produce enough rivals to fight. For men, it was about encouraging them power also equally used these media to fight and serve in the militarypromote their messages.

Since During the Cold WarNapoleonic wars, films increasingly were used as Napoleon moved away from religious symbolism and propaganda, where villainous individuals serving countries that were considered the enemy would fight heroic figures from to a country that protects humanitymore secular approach. This began Heroism and success on the battlefield were given as reason enough to transcend purely adult based propaganda. Cartoons promote success and superheros (e.g., Captain America) began to emerge his portrayal as individuals who would serve their country in a greater cause to protect democratic principals great leader. Sweeping paintings that show heroic conquests and portrayals created a personality cult around the free worldleader. While this reflected American propaganda, Soviet propaganda was more focused on Napoleon famously used paintings from well-known artists to portray himself as the virtues secular savior of Communism and LeninismFrance, including liberating workers although interestingly sometimes this utilized religious symbolism or symbolism from an oppressive capitalist system. Countries were shown as 'filthy' and corrupt and the virtues of communism could save them from enslaving peopleRoman period. Often, <ref> For more on how the past was used to conjure a heroic era of people serving their countries Thirty-year war and were ready to die for it early modern period shaped propaganda in times of great perilEurope, see: Hobbes, T. The use of the past, heroic individualsMalcolm, and espousing virtues became prevalent not only in film but on posters, statuesN. (Eds.), and even theater and performances within the Soviet Union2007. Since the end <i>Reason of the Cold Warstate, over propaganda among the great Western powers has diminished, although some would argue that and the medium has now shifted towards news channelsThirty Years’ War</i>. Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press, editorials, or even online sites pushing given ideas to audiences, with propaganda more focused on messages for specific people rather than the wider country or even beyondOxford : New York.</ref>

====Modern Propaganda====[[File:1.jpg|thumbleft|300px|thumbnail|Figure 2. Allied propaganda showed the Germans in World War I as brutish to help compel the population in supporting the war effort. ]]

Propaganda reflects shifting technologies, media, and ideas that leaders have attempted to portray in different periods and Thus enemy statesalso started using more propaganda on each other. Propaganda has often including The war effort was also fully mobilized in the bending of truth or even inventionpopulation, but the target with different forms of propaganda has also shiftedgeared towards men and women. InitiallyFor women, propaganda it was often limited about serving their country in its appear, as the medium of art factories or writing was only understood by a relatively small number of peoplehelping produce enough to fight. With the printing pressFor men, this shifted it was about encouraging them to a fight and serve in the military. <ref>For more mass audienceon World War I and World War II propaganda, see: Welch, resulting in a transformation in how propaganda was portrayedD., 2015. By the 20th century<i>Propaganda, propaganda spread globally through radio power and even television such as through films. The persuasion: from World Wars and Cold War greatly accelerated the use I to Wikileaks</i>. International Library of new media and sometimes not only state institutions but also private institutions into supporting a wider message that became globalHistorical Studies. IB Tauris.</ref>

Since the Cold War, films have increasingly were used as propaganda, where villainous individuals serving countries that were considered the enemy would fight heroic figures from a country that protects humanity. This began to transcend purely adult-based propaganda. Cartoons and superheroes (e.g., Captain America) began to emerge as individuals who would serve their country in a greater cause to protect democratic principles and the free world. While this reflected American-style propaganda, Soviet propaganda was more focused on the virtues of Communism and Leninism, including liberating workers from an oppressive capitalist system. Countries were shown as 'filthy' and corrupt and the virtues of Communism could save them from enslaving people.  Often, the past was used to conjure a heroic era of people serving their countries and was ready to die for it in times of great peril. The use of the past, heroic individuals, and espousing virtues became prevalent not only in film but on posters, statues, and even theater and performances within the Soviet Union. Since the end of the Cold War, overt propaganda among the great Western powers has diminished, although some would argue that the medium has now shifted towards news channels, editorials, or even online sites pushing given ideas to audiences, with propaganda more focused on messages for specific parts of the population rather than the wider country or even beyond.<ref>For more on Cold War and more recent propaganda, see: Belmonte, L.A., 2010. <i>Selling the American way: U.S. propaganda and the Cold War</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.</ref> ====Summary====Propaganda reflects shifting technologies, media, and ideas that leaders have attempted to portray in different periods and states. Propaganda has often including the bending of truth or even invention, but the target of propaganda has also shifted. Technological shifts have often resulted in shifts in the style of how propaganda is portrayed. Initially, propaganda was often limited in its appearance and audience, as the medium of art or writing was only understood by a relatively small number of people. With the printing press, this shifted to a more mass audience, resulting in a transformation in how propaganda was portrayed. By the 20th century, propaganda spread globally through radio and even television such as through films. The World Wars and Cold War greatly accelerated the use of new media and sometimes not only state institutions but also private institutions, such as the film industry, into supporting a wider message that became global.<div class="portal" style='float:left; width:35%'>====Related Articles===={{#dpl:category=Political History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=9}}</div> ====References====<references/> [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Political History]] [[Category:Media History]]