https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&feed=atom&action=historyHow did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture - Revision history2024-03-29T01:28:52ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.30.0https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=23200&oldid=prevAdmin: Admin moved page How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture? to How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture2021-09-16T00:07:26Z<p>Admin moved page <a href="/How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture?">How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture?</a> to <a href="/How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture" title="How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture">How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture</a></p>
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</td></tr></table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=23199&oldid=prevAdmin at 00:07, 16 September 20212021-09-16T00:07:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|thumbnail|left|Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their children]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children.jpg|thumbnail<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|250px</ins>|left|Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their children]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1353 or possibly 1351 BCE, Amenhotep IV ascended to the throne of Egypt.  In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. He created a new [[How did Monotheism Develop?| monotheistic religion]] devoted to a single god named the Aten.  However, the pharaoh’s loyalty was not enough, and soon Akhenaten required that all of Egypt adopt his new god and abandon their old pantheon in favor of sun worship.  This religion consumed his reign, and the changes he made were remarkable.  The most notable effects of his conversion included an entirely new religious philosophy and style of artistic expression, the establishment of a new capital city, and a ruinous disregard for foreign policy. His efforts would ultimately prove to be futile, as Akhenaten and his sun cult were all but forgotten in the years following his death.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1353 or possibly 1351 BCE, Amenhotep IV ascended to the throne of Egypt.  In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. He created a new [[How did Monotheism Develop?| monotheistic religion]] devoted to a single god named the Aten.  However, the pharaoh’s loyalty was not enough, and soon Akhenaten required that all of Egypt adopt his new god and abandon their old pantheon in favor of sun worship.  This religion consumed his reign, and the changes he made were remarkable.  The most notable effects of his conversion included an entirely new religious philosophy and style of artistic expression, the establishment of a new capital city, and a ruinous disregard for foreign policy. His efforts would ultimately prove to be futile, as Akhenaten and his sun cult were all but forgotten in the years following his death.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why did Akhenaten try to erase the Old Egyptian Gods?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why did Akhenaten try to erase the Old Egyptian Gods?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Amun-Ra.jpg|thumbnail|275px|Amun-Ra from Karnak Temple complex]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Amun-Ra.jpg|thumbnail|275px<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|left</ins>|Amun-Ra from Karnak Temple complex]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the same year, Akhenaten began a widespread attempt to remove any signs of the traditional Egyptian deities systematically.  It appears that Amen was the main focus of the king’s disapproval, and a fleet of semi-literate workers wer=e dispatched to chisel away symbols and words that bore any passing resemblance to his name. <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>:  8</ref> Even private tombs were defaced, including the tomb of Khereuf, where many of the images of Amen were chiseled off the walls. <ref><i>The Tomb of Kheruef</i>, 17</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the same year, Akhenaten began a widespread attempt to remove any signs of the traditional Egyptian deities systematically.  It appears that Amen was the main focus of the king’s disapproval, and a fleet of semi-literate workers wer=e dispatched to chisel away symbols and words that bore any passing resemblance to his name. <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>:  8</ref> Even private tombs were defaced, including the tomb of Khereuf, where many of the images of Amen were chiseled off the walls. <ref><i>The Tomb of Kheruef</i>, 17</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22742&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:07, 21 May 20212021-05-21T17:07:13Z<p></p>
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</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22741&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:06, 21 May 20212021-05-21T17:06:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{#dpl:category=Ancient Egyptian History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=10}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Updated March 23, 2021</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Updated March 23, 2021</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22740&oldid=prevAdmin: /* How did art in the Amarna Period change? */2021-05-21T17:06:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How did art in the Amarna Period change?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Especially unusual was the nature of the scenes depicted in Amarna art.  Earlier pharaohs were typically portrayed in an austere manner, engaging in official religious duties, hunting, or fighting in battle. The Amarna period is known for depicting Akhenaten and his family in a markedly intimate and informal manner by comparison. A famous example is a royal family portrait dated to approximately Year 8 of Akhenaten’s reign.  The king and queen are seated facing each other and nearly equal in height.  Akhenaten raises his daughter Meritaten to his lips, kissing her, and Maketaten and Ankhesenpaaten interact playfully with their mother, one seated in her lap and the other leaning up against her in a relaxed posture. Intimate scenes such as this were virtually unknown in Egyptian art up until this time.<ref>Davis, Whitney. “Two Compositional Tendencies in Amarna Relief”. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 82.3 (1978): 388 Web. 05 November 2015</ref>.  It is unknown why Akhenaten required that he and his family be portrayed in this way, but the result would have been surprising to his contemporaries.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Especially unusual was the nature of the scenes depicted in Amarna art.  Earlier pharaohs were typically portrayed in an austere manner, engaging in official religious duties, hunting, or fighting in battle. The Amarna period is known for depicting Akhenaten and his family in a markedly intimate and informal manner by comparison. A famous example is a royal family portrait dated to approximately Year 8 of Akhenaten’s reign.  The king and queen are seated facing each other and nearly equal in height.  Akhenaten raises his daughter Meritaten to his lips, kissing her, and Maketaten and Ankhesenpaaten interact playfully with their mother, one seated in her lap and the other leaning up against her in a relaxed posture. Intimate scenes such as this were virtually unknown in Egyptian art up until this time.<ref>Davis, Whitney. “Two Compositional Tendencies in Amarna Relief”. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 82.3 (1978): 388 Web. 05 November 2015</ref>.  It is unknown why Akhenaten required that he and his family be portrayed in this way, but the result would have been surprising to his contemporaries.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{#dpl:category=Ancient Egyptian History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=10}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></div></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why did Akhenaten relocate the Egyptian Capital?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why did Akhenaten relocate the Egyptian Capital?==</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22648&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:34, 23 March 20212021-03-23T18:34:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Updated <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December 5</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2020</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Updated <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">March 23</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2021</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Wikis]]  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Wikis]]  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Ancient Egyptian History]] [[Category:Religious History]] [[Category:Archeology]] [[Category:Akhenaten]]  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Ancient Egyptian History]] [[Category:Religious History]] [[Category:Archeology]] [[Category:Akhenaten]]  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22647&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:33, 23 March 20212021-03-23T18:33:22Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22647&oldid=22646">Show changes</a>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22646&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:30, 23 March 20212021-03-23T18:30:05Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the move to Tell el-Amarna Akhenaten’s focus on religion intensified and his attention to other matters waned.  His father, Amenhotep III, was a skilled diplomat who maintained peaceful borders and upheld good correspondence with foreign empires.<ref> Hall, H. R.. “Egypt and the External World in the Time of Akhenaten” <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i> (1921): 42-44. Web. 05 November 2015</ref>  Akhenaten, on the other hand, was apathetic toward correspondence and seems to have been generally uninterested in foreign diplomatic relations.  The Amarna Letters, a collection of cuneiform tablets discovered at Tell el-Amarna, attest to this.  Akhenaten repeatedly ignored pleas for help from foreign vassals, many of whom switched allegiances during his reign. <ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 9</ref>  One such vassal, the prince Rib-adda of Byblos, repeatedly wrote to Akhenaten for assistance against the Hittite king.  Akhenaten ignored his pleas and the Hittites gained much ground in Syria and Palestine. <ref>Hall, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i>: 44-45)</ref> Content to remain in Egypt and impose his new religion on his subjects, Akhenaten lost territory in the Middle East and Nubia and allowed foreign relations to measurably deteriorate.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the move to Tell el-Amarna Akhenaten’s focus on religion intensified and his attention to other matters waned.  His father, Amenhotep III, was a skilled diplomat who maintained peaceful borders and upheld good correspondence with foreign empires.<ref> Hall, H. R.. “Egypt and the External World in the Time of Akhenaten” <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i> (1921): 42-44. Web. 05 November 2015</ref>  Akhenaten, on the other hand, was apathetic toward correspondence and seems to have been generally uninterested in foreign diplomatic relations.  The Amarna Letters, a collection of cuneiform tablets discovered at Tell el-Amarna, attest to this.  Akhenaten repeatedly ignored pleas for help from foreign vassals, many of whom switched allegiances during his reign. <ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 9</ref>  One such vassal, the prince Rib-adda of Byblos, repeatedly wrote to Akhenaten for assistance against the Hittite king.  Akhenaten ignored his pleas and the Hittites gained much ground in Syria and Palestine. <ref>Hall, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i>: 44-45)</ref> Content to remain in Egypt and impose his new religion on his subjects, Akhenaten lost territory in the Middle East and Nubia and allowed foreign relations to measurably deteriorate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>==Conclusion<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For these reforms Akhenaten has been called “the world’s first idealist and the world’s first individual” <ref>Breasted, A History of Egypt, 392</ref> but he has also been called a heretic. <ref>Redford, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269: 1</ref> Whatever his intentions were it can be said that Akhenaten’s reforms were severe and extreme, but ultimately brief. The religion of Akhenaten was forgotten almost immediately after his death, his city abandoned, his name chiseled from temple walls and the Aten virtually erased from living memory <ref>Hornung, 44.</ref>  It would be three thousand years before Akhenaten’s story would spark public interest once again.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For these reforms Akhenaten has been called “the world’s first idealist and the world’s first individual” <ref>Breasted, A History of Egypt, 392</ref> but he has also been called a heretic. <ref>Redford, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269: 1</ref> Whatever his intentions were it can be said that Akhenaten’s reforms were severe and extreme, but ultimately brief. The religion of Akhenaten was forgotten almost immediately after his death, his city abandoned, his name chiseled from temple walls and the Aten virtually erased from living memory <ref>Hornung, 44.</ref>  It would be three thousand years before Akhenaten’s story would spark public interest once again.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====References====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====References====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22645&oldid=prevAdmin: /* Akhenaten Orders the Relocation of the Capital */2021-03-23T18:29:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Akhenaten Orders the Relocation of the Capital</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>Akhenaten <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Orders </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Relocation of </del>the Capital<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Why did </ins>Akhenaten <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">relocate </ins>the the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Egyptian </ins>Capital<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">?</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Akhenaten’s artistic and religious reforms were radical indeed, but they were not the most consequential aspect of his plan.  In the fifth year of this reign, the pharaoh announced his intention to move the entire Egyptian court to a city he called “Akhetaten”, or “The Horizon of the Aten”, located at Tell el-Amarna in Middle Egypt.  Thebes was well established as the city of Amen, and Akhenaten claimed that his god required a capital built on virgin land. The foundation of the site was marked by sixteen ornate stelae, now known as the Boundary Stelae, whose inscriptions justify the move, establish strict geographical boundaries and proclaim that Akhenaten is the Aten’s only representative on Earth.<ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 8</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Akhenaten’s artistic and religious reforms were radical indeed, but they were not the most consequential aspect of his plan.  In the fifth year of this reign, the pharaoh announced his intention to move the entire Egyptian court to a city he called “Akhetaten”, or “The Horizon of the Aten”, located at Tell el-Amarna in Middle Egypt.  Thebes was well established as the city of Amen, and Akhenaten claimed that his god required a capital built on virgin land. The foundation of the site was marked by sixteen ornate stelae, now known as the Boundary Stelae, whose inscriptions justify the move, establish strict geographical boundaries and proclaim that Akhenaten is the Aten’s only representative on Earth.<ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 8</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is hard to imagine how such a plan would have been received, yet it appears that most of the Theban elite did relocate to Tell el-Amarna. However, there is evidence that they did not go quietly.  Speeches recorded on the boundary stelae serve as responses to what appears to be derision from the elite toward Akhenaten’s religion and kingship.<ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 8</ref>  However resistant they may have been, most of the court did relocate and some such as the king’s advisor Parennefer even invested in new tombs at the city’s necropolis. <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 8</ref> Ultimately their commitment to his cause was fleeting.  The site was abandoned shortly after his death c. 1332 BCE. <ref>Parcak, Sarah. "The Panehsy Church Project, 2006".  <i>Amarna Project.</i>  Web. 5 November, 2015</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is hard to imagine how such a plan would have been received, yet it appears that most of the Theban elite did relocate to Tell el-Amarna. However, there is evidence that they did not go quietly.  Speeches recorded on the boundary stelae serve as responses to what appears to be derision from the elite toward Akhenaten’s religion and kingship.<ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 8</ref>  However resistant they may have been, most of the court did relocate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and some such as the king’s advisor Parennefer even invested in new tombs at the city’s necropolis. <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 8</ref> Ultimately their commitment to his cause was fleeting.  The site was abandoned shortly after his death c. 1332 BCE. <ref>Parcak, Sarah. "The Panehsy Church Project, 2006".  <i>Amarna Project.</i>  Web. 5 November, 2015</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>    </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>    </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the move to Tell el-Amarna Akhenaten’s focus on religion intensified and his attention to other matters waned.  His father, Amenhotep III, was a skilled diplomat who maintained peaceful borders and upheld good correspondence with foreign empires.<ref> Hall, H. R.. “Egypt and the External World in the Time of Akhenaten” <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i> (1921): 42-44. Web. 05 November 2015</ref>  Akhenaten, on the other hand, was apathetic toward correspondence and seems to have been generally uninterested in foreign diplomatic relations.  The Amarna Letters, a collection of cuneiform tablets discovered at Tell el-Amarna, attest to this.  Akhenaten repeatedly ignored pleas for help from foreign vassals, many of whom switched allegiances during his reign. <ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 9</ref>  One such vassal, the prince Rib-adda of Byblos, repeatedly wrote to Akhenaten for assistance against the Hittite king.  Akhenaten ignored his pleas and the Hittites gained much ground in Syria and Palestine. <ref>Hall, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i>: 44-45)</ref> Content to remain in Egypt and impose his new religion on his subjects, Akhenaten lost territory in the Middle East and Nubia and allowed foreign relations to measurably deteriorate.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the move to Tell el-Amarna Akhenaten’s focus on religion intensified and his attention to other matters waned.  His father, Amenhotep III, was a skilled diplomat who maintained peaceful borders and upheld good correspondence with foreign empires.<ref> Hall, H. R.. “Egypt and the External World in the Time of Akhenaten” <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i> (1921): 42-44. Web. 05 November 2015</ref>  Akhenaten, on the other hand, was apathetic toward correspondence and seems to have been generally uninterested in foreign diplomatic relations.  The Amarna Letters, a collection of cuneiform tablets discovered at Tell el-Amarna, attest to this.  Akhenaten repeatedly ignored pleas for help from foreign vassals, many of whom switched allegiances during his reign. <ref>Williamson, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 9</ref>  One such vassal, the prince Rib-adda of Byblos, repeatedly wrote to Akhenaten for assistance against the Hittite king.  Akhenaten ignored his pleas and the Hittites gained much ground in Syria and Palestine. <ref>Hall, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7.½</i>: 44-45)</ref> Content to remain in Egypt and impose his new religion on his subjects, Akhenaten lost territory in the Middle East and Nubia and allowed foreign relations to measurably deteriorate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For these reforms Akhenaten has been called “the world’s first idealist and the world’s first individual” <ref>Breasted, A History of Egypt, 392</ref> but he has also been called a heretic. <ref>Redford, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269: 1</ref> Whatever his intentions were it can be said that Akhenaten’s reforms were severe and extreme, but ultimately brief. The religion of Akhenaten was forgotten almost immediately after his death, his city abandoned, his name chiseled from temple walls and the Aten virtually erased from living memory <ref>Hornung, 44.</ref>  It would be three thousand years before Akhenaten’s story would spark public interest once again.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For these reforms Akhenaten has been called “the world’s first idealist and the world’s first individual” <ref>Breasted, A History of Egypt, 392</ref> but he has also been called a heretic. <ref>Redford, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269: 1</ref> Whatever his intentions were it can be said that Akhenaten’s reforms were severe and extreme, but ultimately brief. The religion of Akhenaten was forgotten almost immediately after his death, his city abandoned, his name chiseled from temple walls and the Aten virtually erased from living memory <ref>Hornung, 44.</ref>  It would be three thousand years before Akhenaten’s story would spark public interest once again.</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Akhenaten_Radically_Change_Egyptian_Religion_and_Culture&diff=22644&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:28, 23 March 20212021-03-23T18:28:51Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:28, 23 March 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l18" >Line 18:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Throughout his reign, Akhenaten’s cult continued to depart from traditional religious philosophy.  One such change was the Atenist focus on the visible and tangible as opposed to the traditional Egyptian worship of the abstract and the unknown.  The old gods were conceived of in abstract ways with many roles and representations and a god could take on many forms, merge identities with other gods, and represent abstract notions such as victory in battle.  In contrast, the Aten was the visible sun in the sky and his works were the physical objects and people on Earth.  Akhenaten and his followers worshiped the visible sun alone and eschewed the idols and emblems that were such an integral part of the old religion <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 9</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Throughout his reign, Akhenaten’s cult continued to depart from traditional religious philosophy.  One such change was the Atenist focus on the visible and tangible as opposed to the traditional Egyptian worship of the abstract and the unknown.  The old gods were conceived of in abstract ways with many roles and representations and a god could take on many forms, merge identities with other gods, and represent abstract notions such as victory in battle.  In contrast, the Aten was the visible sun in the sky and his works were the physical objects and people on Earth.  Akhenaten and his followers worshiped the visible sun alone and eschewed the idols and emblems that were such an integral part of the old religion <ref>Williamson, <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>: 9</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Art </del>in the Amarna Period<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">How did art </ins>in the Amarna Period <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">change?</ins>==  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><dh-ad/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><dh-ad/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is difficult to discern the details of Akhenaten’s philosophy as there are very few official texts from his reign that pertain to religion.  There is no “word of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">god”</del>, no holy scripture, and only a short few “Hymn to the Aten” prayers that appear on tomb walls <ref>Hornung, E. (1992). The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His Place in Religion. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>: 48. Web. 05 November 2015.</ref> Due to the lack of written sources on Atenism, Egyptologists rely heavily on decorations in tombs and on temple walls.  The style in which these decorations are rendered has come to be called the Amarna style, and it is unique in Egyptian history due to its dramatic departure from traditional artistic conventions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is difficult to discern the details of Akhenaten’s philosophy as there are very few official texts from his reign that pertain to religion.  There is no “word of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">god</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” </ins>no holy scripture, and only a short few “Hymn to the Aten” prayers that appear on tomb walls <ref>Hornung, E. (1992). The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His Place in Religion. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>: 48. Web. 05 November 2015.</ref> Due to the lack of written sources on Atenism, Egyptologists rely heavily on decorations in tombs and on temple walls.  The style in which these decorations are rendered has come to be called the Amarna style, and it is unique in Egyptian history due to its dramatic departure from traditional artistic conventions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most obvious and notable divergence from typical Egyptian art is the Amarna portrayal of the human body, particularly the king himself. Traditionally the pharaoh had been presented as a young man with a muscular physique and proportionate features.  Akhenaten is portrayed in a far less orthodox manner.  His arms and shoulders are thin, his face is taut, he has a prominent belly, thick hips, and fat thighs.  This striking physique led early scholars to believe that Akhenaten was a woman. Artists from this period also included details that had previously been left out such as distinguishable toes, well-defined ears and lobes, and even wrinkles in the neck. <ref>Hornung, <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>: 43</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most obvious and notable divergence from typical Egyptian art is the Amarna portrayal of the human body, particularly the king himself. Traditionally the pharaoh had been presented as a young man with a muscular physique and proportionate features.  Akhenaten is portrayed in a far less orthodox manner.  His arms and shoulders are thin, his face is taut, he has a prominent belly, thick hips, and fat thighs.  This striking physique led early scholars to believe that Akhenaten was a woman. Artists from this period also included details that had previously been left out such as distinguishable toes, well-defined ears and lobes, and even wrinkles in the neck. <ref>Hornung, <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>: 43</ref>  </div></td></tr>
</table>Admin