Changes

[[File:File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|President John F. Kennedy in 1963]]The first foreign policy crisis faced by President-elect [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316907928/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316907928&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a62b4113828fd6438e893895bd6ad26f John F. Kennedy] was not centered in Berlin, nor in Cuba, nor in the islands off the Chinese mainland, nor in Vietnam, nor in any of the better-known hot spots of the Cold War, but in landlocked, poverty -stricken Laos. This was the major issue Kennedy and his foreign policy team—Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy—focused on during the days leading up to Kennedy’s inauguration on January 20, 1961.

The Eisenhower administration had worked for years to create a strong anti-Communist bastion in Laos, a bulwark against Communist China and North Vietnam. While attractive on a map, this strategy was completely at odds with the characteristics of the Laotian state and people. By 1961, Laos was fragmented politically, with three factions vying for control. The United States had thrown its support behind General Nosavan Phoumi, whose forces were engaged in combat with a neutralist force under Kong Le.  Soviet aircraft were conducting resupply missions for Kong Le’s forces. Neutralist leader and former Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma had gone into exile in Cambodia, but remained influential and active in Laotian politics. His half-brother, Souphanouverong, led the Communist-dominated Pathet Lao, which had established control over an extensive area along the Laos-North Vietnam border. Phoumi’s forces had little popular support, had proven ineffective in combat, and appeared to be well on their way to a military defeat.

Meanwhile, the three Laotian factions conducted negotiations on the composition of a coalition government. By the following March Harriman had become disenchanted with Phoumi, and decisively shifted American policy toward a coalition government led by Souvanna Phouma. The Laotian groups reached an agreement on the composition of the coalition government on June 12, 1962, and the Geneva conference reached an agreement on the Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos on July 23. <div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'> ====Related Articles===={{#dpl:category=Cold War History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=6}}</div>

The ICC would operate on the principle of unanimity, a change from its practice from 1954 to 1958, when it operated under majority rules. Integration and demobilization of the three Laotian armies would be conducted by the coalition government, with neither the ICC nor other international parties overseeing or enforcing these critical activities.