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==Early Life==Julius Caesar was born into the Roman aristocracy into a family that had been distinguished in the city for centuries. He was associated with the popular party in Rome and was related to the great general Marius<ref> Goldsworthy, Adrian, Caesar: Life of a Colossus (Yale University Press, 2008), p. 13</ref>. He was fortunate to escape the proscriptions is widely regarded as one of Sulla and to escape the attention greatest commanders of the dictator he joined the army. Caesar was a capable soldier and he received the highest award for bravery in the Roman Republic because of his role in a siege in modern Turkey. On one occasion he was captured by some pirates and after he was ransomed he returned and seized his former captors and crucified them, alltime. This led him to be awarded another award for bravery. He became very prominent in Rome because of his lavish expenditure His campaigns and oratory. Caesar also forged a political alliance with Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. The ambitious young politician was later elected Pontifex Maximus (chief priest) of Rome and secured for himself the governorship of a province in Spain. Here he defeated two tribal confederations tactics have been studied and was voted a Triumph admired by soldiers since the Senate, a singular mark of honor for the young aristocratancient era. Later he joined the First Triumvirate (59 BCE), an informal alliance between Caesar, Pompey Among his admirers were Napoleon and Crassus and they dominated Roman political life for ten years<ref>Goldsworthy, pRommel. 112</ref>. This arrangement secured Many regard him as the consulship for the Roman aristocrat and the command of an army greatest general in northern Italy, this was to mark the start of his career as a generalhistory.[[File: Julius Two.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Julius and Cleopatra]]

==Caesar’s career as a general==Some allies of the Romans in Gaul (France) were defeated by invading Germanic tribes (55 BCE). Caesar used this as a pretext to intervene in the area, which was outside the Empire. He beat back the Helvetia and massacred There are many German tribes<ref> Caesar, The Gallic Wars (London, Penguin Books, 1984), p 19</ref>. This alarmed reasons why the Celtic tribes and they banded together in a defensive alliance. Once more, ever the opportunist Caesar used this as an excuse to invade Gaul. He was to spend the following years conquering the Celts who were organized into powerful confederation. Caesar in a series of battles defeated major tribes such as the Belgae. Caesar was able to extend his consulship as part of a deal with Pompey and Crassus. The commander launched an invasion of Britain, to punish tribes who were supporting his Gallic opponents (55 BCE). The Roman also raided deep into Germany to deter the Germanic tribes from intervening in Gaul. In 52 BCE the general faced perhaps the greatest challenge of his life when the Gaul’s rebelled against Roman rule. A massive Gallic army surrounded the Romans at Allesia, but despite this, the legionnaires prevailed<ref> Caesar, p. 89</ref>. This victory for Caesar effectively was the end of all resistance to his conquest. The Roman general had conducted what many regarded as an illegal war so successful and the Senate threatened him with prosecution. To avert this Caesar marched why he never suffered a major reversal on Rome with his army and occupied the citybattlefield. This led to a civil war between him and article will focus on the optimates (senators), who were led by Pompey. They fled to the Balkans and recruited a large army. factors that made Caesar landed near-invincible in the Balkans and attacked the Optimates army under the command of Pompeywar. This campaign was very difficult The three main reasons for Caesar and he was lucky to escape a decisive defeat. The conqueror of the Gaul’s maneuvered Pompey into a battle at Pharsalus in modern Greece. Caesar was out-numbered, and his opponent was a great general. He was able to defeat the numerically superior enemy at the Battle of Pharsalus. He enemies were shattered and fled all over the known world. Caesar followed Pompey to Egypt but found his old foe had been assassinated by orders success of the Ptolemies. The Roman general became romantically involved with Queen Cleopatra VII and at the Battle of the Nile, he defeated her rival for the throne. In that same year, Asia Minor was invaded by Pharnaces II, king of the Bosphoran kingdom (Crimea). Caesar annihilated the larger army in just five days and after this, he uttered the line ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’ </ref> Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 45, 7</ref>. The civil war was not over, and the senators and the followers of Pompey regrouped in North Africa. Caesar pursued them and landed in modern Tunisia. He fought a bloody draw with were his old subordinate Titus Labienus at the battle of Ruspina. Howeverleadership skills, after receiving some reinforcements he inflicted a decisive defeat on his enemies, at the battle of Thapsus and this led to the suicide of many prominent senators including Cato the Younger. He knew that as long as his enemies were in the field that he was not secure. The remaining senators daring and Pompeiians regrouped in Spain speed and once more assembled a large army <ref>Jonathan P. Roth, Roman Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 116</ref>. Caesar campaigned in Spain and he finally defeated his enemies at the Battle masterly use of Munda in 45 BCE in Spain. This was the end of the civil wars and the Roman general was supreme ruler in Rome and had himself made dictator for life. In Rome he began to plan invasions of Dacia and Parthia but before he could embark on these campaigns he was assassinated in 44 BCEartillery.

==Use of Artillery==Early Life====Artillery Caesar was born into the Roman aristocracy into a family that had been distinguished in the city for centuries. He was associated with the popular party in Rome and was related to the great general Marius<ref> Goldsworthy, Adrian, Caesar: Life of a regular feature Colossus (Yale University Press, 2008), p. 13</ref>. He was fortunate to escape the proscriptions of Sulla and to escape the attention of the ancient battlefielddictator he joined the army. In Caesar was a capable soldier and he received the highest award for bravery in the ancient worldRoman Republic because of his role in a siege in modern Turkey. On one occasion he was captured by some pirates and after he was ransomed he returned and seized his former captors and crucified them, artillery referred after all. This led him to large weapons that could fire bolts, stones or projectilesbe awarded another award for bravery. These were He became very effectiveprominent in Rome because of his lavish expenditure and oratory.  Caesar also forged a political alliance with Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. The ambitious young politician was later elected Pontifex Maximus (chief priest) of Rome and they were routinely used secured for himself the governorship of a province in sieges Spain. Here he defeated two tribal confederations and was voted a Triumph by both the defenders Senate, a singular mark of honor for the young aristocrat. Later he joined the First Triumvirate (59 BCE), an informal alliance between Caesar, Pompey and Crassus and they dominated Roman political life for ten years.<ref>Goldsworthy, p. 112</ref> This arrangement secured the attackers. They were mainly used consulship for defensive purposes because they were bulky the Roman aristocrat and not very mobile. Caesar the command of an army in northern Italy, this was to mark the start of his campaigns career as a general. ====Caesar’s career as a general====[[File: Julius Two.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Julius and Cleopatra]]Some allies of the Romans in Gaul brought these weapons (France) were defeated by invading Germanic tribes (55 BCE). Caesar used this as a pretext to intervene in his trainthe area, for siegeswhich was outside the Empire. These included He beat back the ballista which could fire massive bolts Helvetia and catapultsmassacred many German tribes.<ref> Caesar, The Gallic Wars (London, that could hurl rocks Penguin Books, 1984), p 19</ref> This alarmed the Celtic tribes and they banded together in a great distancedefensive alliance. Once more, ever the opportunist Caesar in used this as an excuse to invade Gaul began . He was to use these not spend the following years conquering the Celts who were organized into powerful confederation. Caesar in a series of battles defeated major tribes such as defensive weapons but as offensive weaponsthe Belgae. He Caesar was able to integrate these weapons into extend his offensive strategies consulship as part of a deal with Pompey and employ them Crassus. The commander launched an invasion of Britain, to punish tribes who were supporting his Gallic opponents (55 BCE).  The Roman also raided deep into Germany to deter the Germanic tribes from intervening in conjunction with Gaul. In 52 BCE the general faced perhaps the greatest challenge of his life when the Gaul’s rebelled against Roman rule. A massive Gallic army surrounded the Romans at Allesia, but despite this, the legionnaires prevailed.<ref> Caesar, p. 89</ref> This victory for Caesar effectively was the end of all resistance to his conquest. The Roman general had conducted what many regarded as an illegal war and cavalrythe Senate threatened him with the prosecution. To avert this Caesar recognized that catapults marched on Rome with his army and ballistas could break up the massed formations of occupied the Gaul’scity. This allowed led to a civil war between him and the Roman general optimates (senators), who were led by Pompey. They fled to attack much larger forces the Balkans and defeat themrecruited a large army. Caesar also used these heavy weapons very successfully landed in the invasion Balkans and attacked the Optimates army under the command of BritainPompey. This campaign was very difficult for Caesar and he was lucky to escape a decisive defeat. He skillfully used  The conqueror of the ballistas on Gaul’s maneuvered Pompey into a battle at Pharsalus in modern Greece. Caesar was out-numbered, and his ships opponent was a great general. He was able to break defeat the British formations that were preventing him from landing on numerically superior enemy at the shore Battle of southern EnglandPharsalus. He was a pioneer in enemies were shattered and fled all over the offensive use known world. Caesar followed Pompey to Egypt but found his old foe had been assassinated by orders of this weapons the Ptolemies. The Roman general became romantically involved with Queen Cleopatra VII and employed them on at the Battle of the Nile, he defeated her rival for the throne. In that same year, Asia Minor was invaded by Pharnaces II, king of the Bosphoran kingdom (Crimea). Caesar annihilated the battlefield larger army in just five days and not just in siegesafter this, he uttered the line ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’<ref> Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 45, 7</ref> Hans Delbrück The civil war was not over, Warfare and the senators and the followers of Pompey regrouped in North Africa. Caesar pursued them and landed in Antiquity, transmodern Tunisia. Walter JHe fought a bloody draw with his old subordinate Titus Labienus at the battle of Ruspina. RenfroeHowever, Jr.after receiving some reinforcements he inflicted a decisive defeat on his enemies, History at the battle of Thapsus and this led to the Art suicide of War 1 many prominent senators including Cato the Younger. He knew that as long as his enemies were in the field that he was not secure. The remaining senators and Pompeiians regrouped in Spain and once more assembled a large army.<ref>Jonathan P. Roth, Roman Warfare (LincolnCambridge: Cambridge University of Nebraska Press, 19902009), p. 541116</ref>Caesar campaigned in Spain and he finally defeated his enemies at the Battle of Munda in 45 BCE in Spain. The only other ancient This was the end of the civil wars and the Roman general who deployed artillery was supreme ruler in Rome and had himself made dictator for life. In Rome, he began to plan invasions of Dacia and Parthia but before he could embark on these campaigns he was assassinated in this way 44 BCE.{{Mediawiki:TabletAd1}}====The leadership of Caesar ====One of the reasons for Caesar's success was his great leadership. He was Alexander a charismatic leader and he could persuade his men to do anything and to do the Greatimpossible. This can be seen time and time again. Caesar was able to rally his men at Alessia and persuade them to attack numerically superior forces on many battlefields. Caesar’s use of artillery Caesars ability to motivate his men and galvanize them into action was imitated by generations unmatched and even his enemies acknowledged this. His men were devoted to him and they loved their general. They obeyed him and unlike many contemporary armies they were very well disciplined.<ref> Roth, p. 116</ref> Caesar reputedly could quell any dissent in the ranks with the sheer force of future Roman commandershis personality. However, Caesar was also able fortunate to use artillery have at his disposal some of the finest soldiers in the ancient era, this and his leadership skills meant that his forces were often invincible even in a conventional way the most difficult of circumstances.  Perhaps the key to Caesar’s leadership skills and his ability to inspire men was that he led by example. Like Alexander the Great, he was a master of siege warfarehis own best soldier. <ref> Plutarch, 43 7</ref> He stormed many Celtic hill forts in Gaul by using ballistas led from the front and catapultsif the line threatened to break he would personally fight there, thus inspiring his legions to victory.<ref> Barry Strauss, Masters of Command: Alexander, Hannibal, such as at Caesar, and the siege Genius of Siege Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 137 </ref> He was also able to inspire his men because he promoted men on merit. While his officers were mainly nobles he usually promoted them only on merit. A good example of Uxellodunumthis was Mark Anthony, who became his commander of his cavalry and proved to be fearless in battle. Caesers belief in Gaul merit was unique and this meant that he was supported by many gifted officers who could execute his orders effectively.<ref> CaesarRoth, p. 221189</ref>. <dh-ad/> ====Use of Artillery====

==Daring/ speed==Caesar was a risk taker and he would regularly devise strategies recognized that were very risky catapults and even recklessballistas could break up the massed formations of the Gaul’s. However, his gambles were always calculated ones This allowed the Roman general to attack much larger forces and he would take great care with his plans and his tactics and strategies were always well-thought outdefeat them. Caesar believed also used these heavy weapons very successfully in the invasion of Britain. He skillfully used the ballistas on his ships to break the British formations that were preventing him from landing on the best way to win shore of southern England. He was by launching daring and rapid attacks, a pioneer in the offensive use of this way he was weapons and employed them on the battlefield and not a conventional commander just in sieges.<ref>HollandHans Delbrück, TomWarfare in Antiquity, Rubicon: The Last Years trans. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr., History of the Roman Republic Art of War 1 (LondonLincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Anchor Books, 20031990), p. 213541</ref>. At times his risk-taking resulted The only other ancient general who deployed artillery in problems. This recklessness meant that he often advanced too quick and his supply lines could not keep pace. It this way was noted at Alexander the time that Caesar would often run out Great. Caesar’s use of food on his campaigns. For example, when he defeated the Helvetii his troops had already run out artillery was imitated by generations of food and other suppliesfuture Roman commanders. However, the great gambler Caesar was ready also able to be reckless if he could achieve his twin goals of speed and surprise. It was often stated that Caesar was very fortunate, but his remarkable victories were usually a result of speed and tactical surprise. A good example of this was his victory at Thapsus use artillery in modern Tunisia where his speed enabled him to defeat a larger force of Optimates and allied tribes. Despite being a risk-taker, Caesar was flexible conventional way and he was a master of the strategic retreatsiege warfare. That isHe stormed many Celtic hill forts in Gaul by using ballistas and catapults, he could disengage from a battle or situation and regroup and then fight when such as at the circumstances were more advantageous. [[File: Julius Three.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A nineteenth century painting siege of the assassination Siege of Uxellodunum, in Gaul.<ref> Caesar]], p. 221</ref>

==Conclusion==Daring/ speed====Caesar’s victories changed the Roman Empire and he decisively shaped not only [[File: Julius Three.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A nineteenth-century painting of the future assassination of Rome but also Europe. He Caesar]]Caesar was a great commander risk taker and he would regularly devise strategies that were very risky and never suffered a defeat in a battle, with the possible exception of the Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)even reckless. He was able to prevail over many enemiesHowever, including those who his gambles were numerically superior always calculated ones and armies who were led by he would take great commanders such as Pompey. Time care of his plans and again he demonstrated his genius on tactics and strategies were always well-thought out. Caesar believed that the battlefield. He best way to win was fortunate by launching daring and rapid attacks, in that this way he commanded an army that was very formidablenot a conventional commander.<ref>Holland, highly trained and disciplined. HoweverTom, the achievements Rubicon: The Last Years of Caesar were unmatched in the Roman eraRepublic (London, Anchor Books, 2003), p. The factors that have earned Caesar the reputation as one of the greatest generals of all time were 213</ref> At times his leadership skillsrisk-taking resulted in problems. He could inspire This recklessness meant that he often advanced too quick and cajole his men, and under his command, they performed remarkable featssupply lines could not keep pace. Caesar It was an innovator and he was able to use artillery such as catapults in ways noted at the time that changed the ancient battlefieldCaesar would often run out of food on his campaigns. He was a brilliant strategist and For example, when he emphasized speed and surprise defeated the Helvetii his troops had already run out of food and this ensured that the Roman general secured many victories against the oddsother supplies.

==Recommended Books==GoldsworthyHowever, Adrianthe great gambler was ready to be reckless if he could achieve his twin goals of speed and surprise. It was often stated that Caesar was very fortunate, but his remarkable victories were usually a result of speed and tactical surprise. A good example of this was his victory at Thapsus in modern Tunisia where his speed enabled him to defeat a larger force of Optimates and allied tribes. Despite being a risk-taker, Caesar: Life was flexible and was a master of the strategic retreat. That is, he could disengage from a Colossus (Yale University Press, 2008)battle or situation and regroup and then fight when the circumstances were more advantageous.

Barry Strauss====Conclusion====Caesar’s victories changed the Roman Empire and he decisively shaped not only the future of Rome but also Europe. He was a great commander and never suffered a defeat in a battle, Masters with the possible exception of Command: Alexanderthe Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC). He was able to prevail over many enemies, Hannibalincluding those who were numerically superior and armies who were led by great commanders such as Pompey. Time and again he demonstrated his genius on the battlefield. He was fortunate in that he commanded an army that was very formidable, Caesarhighly trained and disciplined. However, and the Genius achievements of Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012)Caesar were unmatched in the Roman era.

GrantThe factors that have earned Caesar the reputation as one of the greatest generals of all time were his leadership skills. He could inspire and cajole his men, and under his command, Michaelthey performed remarkable feats. Caesar was an innovator and he was able to use artillery such as catapults in ways that changed the ancient battlefield. The Twelve Caesars (New York: Penguin Books, 1979)He was a brilliant strategist and he emphasized speed and surprise and this ensured that the Roman general secured many victories against the odds.

Osgood, Josiah<div class="portal" style="width:85%;">====Related DailyHistory. org Articles====*[[How did Julius Caesar rise to power?]]*[[Why was Julius Caesar assassinated?]]*[[How did Caesar's Legacy: Civil War conquest of Gaul change both Rome and Gaul?]]*[[What were the Emergence consequences of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006).Caesar's assassination?]]</div>

Jonathan P====Recommended Books====* Syme, Ronald, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0192803204/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0192803204&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a10af7542e214cda24649ca76457ed62 The Roman Revolution]</i> (Oxford, Oxford University, 2002).* Canfora, Luciano, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00720XI0A/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00720XI0A&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=5de475b6b8ead57e112dcda8479acc57 Julius Caesar: The People's Dictator]</i> (Edinburg, Edinburgh University Press, 2006).* Jiménez, Ramon L. Roth, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0275966208/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0275966208&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=20b9b0d1ca2a488932321afa4bb22afa Caesar Against Rome: The Great Roman Warfare Civil War]</i> (New York, Praeger, 2006).* Goldsworthy, Adrian, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0300126891/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0300126891&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e3d7ca205d235ca4f80c8f42d215447a Caesar: Life of a Colossus]</i> (Yale University Press, 2008)* Freeman, Philip. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0743289544/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0743289544&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=04b3744690637472a5e2eb2eb8dc57c6 Julius Caesar]</i>. (Simon and Schuster, 2008)* Grant, Michael. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0486822192/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0486822192&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=707967b3998ed8e0ee4b02e887ee7b50 The Twelve Caesars]</i> (New York: Penguin Books, 1979)* Osgood, Josiah. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521671779/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521671779&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=78feb0248f30b4a6c2cfaa0048334c9f Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire]</i> (Cambridge: , Cambridge University Press, 20092006)* Holland, Tom. [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400078970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400078970&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a25657c34ca67cbf377bd8dfbc462c2c Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic] (London, Anchor Press, 2003)* Goodman, Rob. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1250042623/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1250042623&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=4c9157524f8c44ff12d67a6dff4613ad Rome's Last Citizen: The Life and Legacy of Cato: Mortal Enemy of Caesar]'' (St. Martin's Griffen, 2014)