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====What was the Renaissance?====The term "Renaissance" or "rebirth" (or "''rinascita''" in Italian Renaissance ) was one coined by Giorgio Vasari around 1550 in his book <i>The Lives of the most exciting periods Artists</i>. The Renaissance started in human civilisationthe late 15th century as Italians sought to imitate the lost world of ancient Greece and Rome and move away from gothic art. It witnessed a great flourishing of the artsThe Italian, literatureartists, philosophywriters, architecture and politics. Many thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works that were the equal of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle of civilization.<ref>Burke, Peter. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691162409/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691162409&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=3e8ba646ddb55793983df78fb425f39e The Italian Renaissance : Culture and Society in Italy]'' (Princeton University Press, including Michelangelo1999), Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Raphaelp. 6. </ref> The Renaissance’s days of glories occurred from approximately 1400-1500. HoweverRenaissance, several factors led to unlike the end of Middle Ages, stressed the Renaissance individual, reason, beauty and the end of one of the most creative periods in human historysecular values. This article will demonstrate the reasons why the Italian Renaissance endedoutlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European society.

==The Renaissance==The term means ‘re-birth’. The renaissance was an effort to imitate the lost world of ancient Greece and Rome. The Italian, artists, writers and thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works that were the equal of the ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle of civilisation.<ref>Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, p. 6.</ref> The Renaissance unlike the Middle Ages, stressed the individual, reason, beauty and secular values. This outlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European society. The Renaissance not only produced great works of art but also resulted in a dramatic change in the views of Europeans and a decisive move away from the world of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance was in many ways to lay the groundwork for the rise of the modern world and especially ‘individualism and a secular outlook.’<ref>Burke, p.9 #.</ref>The Renaissance was able to occur because of the unique conditions that prevailed in Italy in the period from 1400 to 1500.

The Renaissance country was able rich, because of [[How did the Silk Road develop?|trade]] and industry and this meant that many wealthy Italians were willing to occur because act as patrons of great artists. The Italian Peninsula was divided among a series of city-states.<ref>Ruggiero, Guido. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=90629fdde8856871bdd69f392194f543 The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 648.</ref> These were Republics and they were tolerant societies, that placed a high value on creativity in the arts and though. They were unique conditions societies in Europe of the time. Crucially, the influence of the church was limited in these city-states and there was generally [[What were the social factors that prevailed led to the Renaissance in Italy ?|freedom of thought and expression]]. Indeed, many prominent Churchmen were active patrons of Renaissance artists, including [[What was the role of the Popes in the period from 1400 to 1500Renaissance?|Popes]].<ref>Ruggiero, p. 78. </ref>

[[File:Leonardo.jpg|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci]]====When did the Italian Renaissance End?====The country was richDefining when the Italian Renaissance occurred is somewhat difficult, because of trade and industry and this meant that many wealthy Italians were willing but the most generous estimate goes from the 1380s to act as patrons of great artiststhe 1550s. The Typically, the Italian Peninsula was divided among a series Renaissance has been tied to fortunes of city-states.<ref>Ruggiero, Guido. ''The Renaissance in Italy: A Social Florence and Cultural History of the Rinascimento'' Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2015especially Florence), p. 648.</ref> These were Republics and they were tolerant societiesAt the end of the 14th century, that placed a high value on creativity in after the arts collapse of the Florentine and though. They were unique societies in Roman economies due to the Europe Great Famine of 13150-1317 caused by the time. CruciallyLittle Ice Age, the influence disruption of trade by war between England and France, and the church was limited in these city-states and there was generally freedom devastation of thought the Black Plague, Rome and expressionFlorence began to rebound. Indeed, many prominent Churchmen were active patrons of These catastrophes actually helped start the Renaissance because it was initially driven by artists, including Popes <ref>Ruggiero, p. 78such as Petrarch and Dante who began to question the authority of the Church because it had failed to alleviate the suffering of Italians during these catastrophes.</ref>

==Economic Decline==Until 1500 Italy was at the centre The end of the Mediterranean world Italian is directly tied to Florence's decline and its vast network the eventual abandonment of trade routes. Italian traders made vast profits by acting as middlemen in the trade between ideals of the Muslim and Christian worldsRenaissance. Furthermore, This slow slide began with [[What was the Italian clothing industry exported its goods all over impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Mediterranean <ref>Ruggiero, p. 134.</ref>.The riches made enabled the elite to fund Renaissance?|the work invasion of great artists such Florence in 1494]] by France and gained speed as Leonardo da Vinci and RaphaelItaly broke out into warfare between its city-states. HoweverAdditionally, after Columbus discovered Americalike most significant political and intellectual movements, the Mediterranean economy went into Renaissance gave birth to a steep decline significant intellectual and religious backlash. New trade routes were established in By the Atlantic and 1550s, many of the trade works of literature and art that help birth the Mediterranean dropped offRenaissance were banned. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref>LopezBy the mid-1550s, Robert Sabatino, ''The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, (1970), p. 89was essentially over.</ref> Although, While the Pope’s still continued to be great patrons of the arts. The relative decline Italian Renaissance died in the Italian economyFlorence and Rome, because of changing trade routesits ideas, because of the Discovery of Americabeliefs, led to less money being spent on the arts and educationart had spread across Europe. This had a negative impact on the Renaissance These other European Renaissances continued even as Florence's and fewer great works of art and literature.<ref>Lopez, p. 98Rome's rebirth ended.</ref>

==Spanish Domination==Florence's Economic Decline====The Italian city-states were very rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbours[[File:Leonardo. The kingdoms jpg|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci|200px|left]]Until 1500 Italy was at the centre of Europe were becoming national states, with a unified government the Mediterranean world and standing armiesits vast network of trade routes. By Italian traders made vast profits by acting as middlemen in the 16th century, trade between the Italian city-states looked much weaker that large kingdoms such as FranceMuslim and Christian worlds. In the 1490sFurthermore, the French invaded Italy, in order to conquer Italian clothing industry exported its goods all over the kingdom of NaplesMediterranean. The Spanish Monarchy refused to allow the French to dominate southern Italy <ref>LopezRuggiero, p. 67134.</ref>. The French army eventually retreated from riches made enabled the elite to fund the Kingdom work of Naples great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. However, after Columbus discovered America, the Mediterranean economy went into a plague decimated the armysteep decline. However, their invasion was to result New trade routes were established in several decades of war, between France the Atlantic and Spain, for the control trade of first Naples and later Italythe Mediterranean dropped off. Over the following decades, This led to less money being spent on art in Italy became a battleground for the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112Robert Sabatino, ''[https://www.<amazon.com/gp/product/0316532002/ref> This was to have a negative impact on =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316532002&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d7834ce1e2ccb139a585310f8f29d767 The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance. In 1527, the Spanish army sacked Rome and caused widespread loss ]'' (Charlottesville: University Press of life and devastation. EventuallyVirginia, the Spanish1970), under Phillip II, established Spanish domination in Italyp. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, but they were under de-facto Spanish control. The Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions89.</ref>

Sack Although, the [[What was Pope Julius IIs contribution to Renaissance Italy?|Popes]] still continued to be great patrons of Rome 1527 the arts.The relative decline in the Italian economy, because of changing trade routes, because of the Discovery of America, led to less money being spent on the arts and education. This had a negative impact on the Renaissance and fewer great works of art and literature.<ref>Lopez, p. 98.</ref>

==Counter-Reformation==The Rise of Spain====The Reformation began in Germany and soon Protestant Churches Italian city-states were being established throughout Northern Europevery rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbors. This cause a crisis in the Catholic Church in Italy and throughout The kingdoms of Europe. Many feared that Italy would even turn Protestant. This caused were becoming national states, with a change in direction in the Catholic Church unified government and led it to change its direction standing armies. In response to By the Protestant Reformation16th century, the Catholic Church engaged in a series of reforms and other measures. These sought to make sure Italian city-states looked much weaker that Protestant teachings did not become popularlarge kingdoms such as France. The response of In the Catholic Church became known as 1490s, [[What was the Counter-Reformation. One impact of the most important aspects Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Counter-Reformation was Renaissance?|the increasing role of the Inquisition French invaded Italy]], in Italian Society. Any person, believed to be sympathetic order to Protestant ideas was arrested as a heretic by conquer the Inquisitionkingdom of Naples. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions and views that were contrary Spanish Monarchy refused to allow the teachings of the Church. French to dominate southern Italy <ref>MullettLopez, Michael A., ''The Catholic Reformation'' (Routledge, London 1999)p. 5667.</ref>The French army eventually retreated from the Kingdom of Naples after a plague decimated the army. However, their invasion was to result in several decades of war, between France and Spain, for the control of first Naples and later Italy.

The Counter-Reformation Over the following decades, Italy became a battleground for the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112.</ref> This was to have a dramatic negative impact on artists, writers and scientists’ in Italy. No longer could they discuss or express their views freely. They were afraid to create any daring works, in case that they offended the Catholic ChurchRenaissance. In order to ensure that they did not come to 1527, the attention of [[Did the Inquisition, they made sure that their works were suitably Catholic. The result Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Counter-Reformation was that Italian artists worked Renaissance in an environment that was repressive Italy?|Spanish army sacked Rome]] and caused widespread loss of life and devastation. This led to ItalyEventually, falling behind the rest of EuropeSpanish, under Phillip II, intellectually and artistically established Spanish domination in Italy. It should The Italian city-states were still be remembered that Italy still produced great artists and thinkers such as Galileotechnically independent, but they were far fewer and less originalunder de-facto Spanish control. The old humanist tradition, Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance, was abandoned, during as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the Counter-Reformation <ref>Mullet, p. 141worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions.</ref>

==Conclusion==The Renaissance was one Impact of the most important historical epochs, it produced Counter-Reformation====[[File:Sackofrome.jpeg|thumbnail|390px|left|Sack of Rome by Johannes Lingelbach|370px]]The Reformation began in Germany and soon Protestant Churches were being established throughout Northern Europe. This cause a culture crisis in the Catholic Church in Italy and throughout Europe. Many feared that created great works of art Italy would even turn Protestant. This caused a change in direction in the Catholic Church and provided led it to change its direction. In response to the worldProtestant Reformation, with the humanist view Catholic Church engaged in a series of life, which encouraged individualism reforms and the use of reasonother measures. However, economic decline meant These sought to make sure that there was less money for the arts and learningProtestant teachings did not become popular. The Spanish came to dominate response of the Catholic Church became known as the cityCounter-states and this meant that artists had less freedom Reformation. One of the most important aspects of expression. Finally, the Counter-Reformation was the increasing role of the Inquisition in Italian Society. Any person, believed to be sympathetic to Protestant ideas was arrested as a heretic by enforcing Catholic Orthodoxy meant the Inquisition. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions and views that artists, thinkers and writers were afraid contrary to be as daring or original as they had been in the past teachings of the Church. <ref> ibidMullett, Michael A., ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415189152/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415189152&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2cee7968947f72dfe9e1cea5b8eafa6e The Catholic Reformation]'' (Routledge, London 1999)p. 134 #56.</ref>. These factors led to the end of the Renaissance.

The Counter-Reformation was to have a dramatic impact on artists, writers, and scientists in Italy. No longer could they discuss or express their views freely. They were afraid to create any daring works, in case they offended the Catholic Church. [[How did Savonarola influence the Reformation and Counter-Reformation?|Girolamo Savonarola]] rose to power in Florence and ruled between 1494-1498. He sought to reverse the influence of secularism and ruled Florence as began its economic and cultural decline. Rulers such as Savonarola forced artists to recommit to the church to avoid attracting the attention of the Inquisition. The threat of the Inquisition ensured that artists and writers tailored their works to be more suitably Catholic. The result of the Counter-Reformation was that Italian artists worked in an environment that was repressive. This led to Italy, falling behind the rest of Europe, intellectually and artistically. It should still be remembered that Italy still produced great artists and thinkers such as Galileo, but they were far fewer and less original. The old humanist tradition, of the Renaissance, was abandoned, during the Counter-Reformation.<ref>Mullet, p. 141.</ref> ====Conclusion====The Renaissance was one of the most important historical epochs, it produced a culture that created great works of art and provided the world, with the humanist view of life, which encouraged individualism and the use of reason. However, economic decline meant that there was less money for the arts and learning. The Spanish came to dominate the city-states and this meant that artists had less freedom of expression. Finally, the Counter-Reformation by enforcing Catholic Orthodoxy meant that artists, thinkers and writers were afraid to be as daring or original as they had been in the past.<ref>Mullet, p. 134.</ref> These factors led to the end of the Renaissance. ====References====<references/> <div class="portal" style='float:left; width:35%'>====Related Articles====*[[What was the Borgias contribution to Renaissance Italy?]]*[[How did the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possible?]]*[[What was the role of the Popes in the Renaissance?]]*[[What were the causes of the Northern Renaissance?]]*[[How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation?]]*[[What was the influence of Emperor Frederick II on the Italian Renaissance?]]</div> [[Category:Italian History]] [[Category:Renaissance History]] [[Category:European History]][[category:wikis]] {{Contributors}}