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First names have likely existed since possibly soon after humans evolved into their modern forms__NOTOC__[[File:KDzshXy.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Figure 1. However, the origin and development of Some surnames (or last names) is far less known and is likely a more recent phenomenon. People were often designated by their larger kinship groups, often through a male line but sometimes female, as part of their identification in more ancient periods. Distinguishing by a specific surname for a person though is still not universal throughout the world, although it is now very common.origin from England and Wales]]

==Origin First names have likely existed since possibly soon after humans evolved into their modern forms. However, the origin and development of Surnames==surnames (or last names) is far less known and is likely a more recent phenomenon. People were often designated by their larger kinship groups, often through a male line but sometimes female, as part of their identification in more ancient periods. Distinguishing by a specific surname for a person is still not universal throughout the world, although it is now widespread.

==What are the Origins of Surnames?==Surnames, of sorts, are known from ancient periods. However, these surnames often had to do with clan names or names of places used as a way to distinguish a person. For instance, in ancient Greece, it would be common to refer to a person from an ancient city. Another way people were distinguished, which is still used , such as in tribal groups in the Middle East today, is to refer refers to the name of the father for the son or daughter as the person's second name. In Japan , surnames never existed in the modern sense , but they were used to reflect roles people served in society, including to how they served the government they belonged to. In Africa and Asia, clan names have been used as something similar to a fixed surname, as clan names tend to be more static. However, these could change over a long period. In the Roman Empire, family names were sometimes used, but often this had links to clans or if other systems were used family names would often drop or not be carried from generation to generation. In other words, there was no fixed system of using surname designations. Ancient China may have one of the oldest traditions in using a type of surname. It seems a matrilineal and later a patrilineal system emerged where the child would take on a fixed surname that would designate the person's lineage. However, it is possible these names could have changed after multiple generations.<ref>For more on the ancient origin of surnames around the world, see: Redmonds, G., King, T., & Hey, D. (2011). <i>Surnames, DNA, and family history</i>. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Early surnames were generally not fixed and this meant that after one or two generationsHowever, it was common to lose links with someone's more distant past. The first recorded surname where that surname appears to be fixed appears in the 10th century in Ireland, where the surname Ó Cleirigh these could be the oldest continuous surnamechange over a long period.<ref>For more on In the origins of Irish surnamesRoman Empire, see: MacLysaghtfamily names were sometimes used, E. (1985). <I>The surnames of Ireland (6th ed)</I>. Blackrockbut often this had links to clans, Co. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.</ref> However, centuries later surnames were still uncommon in most of Europe and or if surnames other systems were used it was usually in reference to an occupation , family names would often drop or sometimes in reference not be carried from generation to someone's fathergeneration. In effectother words, these surnames did not continue beyond a few generationsthere was no fixed system of using surname designations. Surnames Ancient China may have begun to become more established in the West during and after the Norman conquest (Figure 1). At around the 11th century, the Norman nobility began adopting surnames that denoted location one of origin or land in which they held. This allowed them to make claims to land and it was common to use the French 'de' (of) oldest traditions in connotation to using a place or landtype of surname. This then became It seems a way the noble classes could distinguish themselves from others matrilineal, and it also allowed them to use this second name as later a way to pass that name to their kin so that land could be inherited. It effectively became a status symbol to have patrilineal system emerged where the child would take on a fixed surname so that there was no ambiguity of would designate the person's statuslineage. This was similar to how French feudal land owners also used designations such as 'de' to identify their land ownershipHowever, it is possible these names could have changed after multiple generations.<ref>For more on the history ancient origin of English surnamesaround the world, see: Fiennes Redmonds, G., King, JT., & Hey, D. (20152011). <i>The origins of English surnames: the story of who we wereSurnames, DNA, and family history</i>. Robert Hale LtdOxford ; 1st Edition editionNew York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

[[FileEarly surnames were generally not fixed, and this meant that after one or two generations, it was common to lose links with someone's more distant past. The first recorded surname where that surname appears to be fixed appears in the 10th century in Ireland, where the surname Ó Cleirigh could be the oldest continuous surname.<ref>For more on the origins of Irish surnames, see:KDzshXy MacLysaght, E.jpg|thumb|Figure 1(1985). Some <I>The surnames and their origin from England and Wales]]of Ireland (6th ed)</I>. Blackrock, Co. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.</ref> However, centuries later, surnames were still uncommon in most of Europe. If surnames were used, it was usually about an occupation or sometimes about someone's father. In effect, these surnames did not continue beyond a few generations.

==How have Surnames changed overtime? ==[[File:Namescombo1.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|Figure 2. In Japan, surnames became more common during and after the 19th century.]]Slowly throughout the late Medieval period , more families began to use fixed surnames. In Europe, people were still commonly referred to by their occupation (e.g., Butchers, Carpenters, etc.). Still, but those designations began to be fixed as lower classes began to imitate the upper classes, even though they may not have not held any significant land holdings. In some parts of Spain, people would use a patronymic system, where it would take the father's name of the father as the surname, but in the Medieval and late Medieval period , those names began to become more fixed. By the 1400s, many people began to have fixed surnames. In England, Henry VIII in the 16th century , Henry VIII ordered that children take a fixed surname from their fathers. This allowed people to be more easily recorded and this , which may have helped further establish the system of a fixed surnamesystem. Recent studies have shown that most surnames that derive from Europe have four different types of origin. They are either place-based (place of origin), occupation name (i.e., a likely trade conducted by past members of the family), derived from their fathers' name (often first name), or simply a nickname given to someone at some point that stayed in the family. Surnames are a combination of a single place origin, that is the surname was derived at one place and one time, while other surnames are combinations of different events and circumstances. For instance, having a surname that combines an occupation and nickname.<ref>For more on how surnames evolved in England in the late Medieval and early modern period, see: Smith-Bannister, S. (1997). <i>Names and naming patterns in England, 1538-1700</i>. Oxford [England] : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.</ref>

It was mostly after 1600Recent studies have shown that most surnames that derive from Europe have four different types of origin. They are either place-based (place of origin), as European powers expanded or increased occupation name (i.e., a likely trade conducted by past members of the family), derived from their influencefathers' name (often first name), surnames became globally prevalent. It became easier for rulers and administrators or simply a nickname given to designating people with fixed surnames, as this facilitated records someone at some point that stayed in keeping track the family. Surnames are a combination of peoplea single place origin. JapanThat is the surname derived at one place and one time, Thailand, and Turkey while other surnames are examples combinations of countries different events and circumstances. For instance, having a surname that changed their normal family name systems to adopt fixed surnames due to Western influence on administration (Figure 2)combines an occupation and nickname.<ref>For more on an example of how surnames evolved in England in the spread of fixed surnameslate Medieval and early modern period, see: Sevilla Casas Smith-Bannister, ES. (19771997). <i>Western expansion Names and indigenous peoples: the heritage of Las Casas naming patterns in England, 1538-1700</i>. The HagueOxford [England] : New York: MoutonClarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. </ref>

Since the early Medieval period, women often adopted designations, or whatever It was used mostly after 1600 that surnames became globally prevalent as a surname, from European powers expanded or increased their husbandsinfluence. This practice carried over as more It became easier for rulers and administrators to designating people began to adopt with fixed surnames. It was only , as this facilitated records in more recent periods in the 20th century that women began to forgo adopting their husbands' last nameskeeping track of people. In 1979Japan, Thailand, part and Turkey are examples of the UN declaration for womens' equality called for the end of the practice of forcing women countries that changed their normal family name systems to adopt their husbands' fixed surnamesdue to Western influence on administration (Figure 2). <ref>For more on an example of the history spread of women, marriage and fixed surnames, see: VanguriSevilla Casas, S. ME. (Ed.). (20161977).<i> Rhetorics Western expansion and indigenous peoples: the heritage of names and namingLas Casas </i>. New YorkThe Hague: RoutledgeMouton. </ref>

[[File:Namescombo1Since the early Medieval period, women often adopted designations, or whatever was used as a surname, from their husbands.jpg|thumb|Figure 2This practice carried over as more people began to adopt fixed surnames. In Japanmore recent periods in the 20th century, women began to forgo adopting their husbands' last names. In 1979, part of the UN declaration for womens' equality called for the end of forcing women to adopt their husbands' surnames became . <ref>For more common during on the history of women, marriage, and surnames, see: Vanguri, S. M. (Ed.). (2016).<i> Rhetorics of names and after the 19th centurynaming</i>. New York: Routledge.]]</ref>

==What is the Social Significanceof Surnames?== Surnames, historically, had a major impact on social status throughout the Western world as they became increasingly adopted. In fact, the origin of many surnames ' origin seems to be because people wanted to distinguish themselves from others by adopting a fixed surname. This has also been the case in many non-Western states, as they began to increasingly adopt Western-style surnames. Although the origin of many surnames in non-Western states used local terms or references, the effect on status has been comparable in many cases. While class was often the immediate identifier for people when surnames were used, today surnames still have a powerful effect in on social distinction. For example, ethnicity and religion are often assumed when certain surnames are stated.<ref>For more on the impact of surnames on the status and social standing, see: McKinley, R. A. (1990). <i>A history of British surnames </i>. London ; New York: Longman, pg. 200. </ref>

While using naming designations to distinguish people has existed since early recorded history, systems were not generally fixed , and surnames were often only relevant during a lifetime of an individual's lifetime. Sometimes kinship-based surnames lasted for multiple generations, in cases where clan distinctions would be used. However, in many parts of the world , surnames were either nonexistent or were not fixed. Distinguishing class became a primary motive for the development of developing surnames in the West, starting after the Norman conquest. Soon, this pattern was imitated by the lower classes. It was only Only during the rapid expansion of European powers and influence from around 1600 did formal, fixed surnames become a global phenomenon. By that point, many regions either imitated or may have been even forced to adopt fixed surnames to keep track of individuals and facilitate record keeping.

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