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What was the role of women in Sparta

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[[File: Spartan helmet 2 British Museum.jpg |300px270px|thumb|left| Spartan helmet]]Sparta was an ancient Greek city-state whose unique social and political system has fascinated people down the ages. It was a military society, whose warriors are regarded as some of the ancient world's greatest soldiers of the ancient world. The word Spartan has become synonymous with military prowess and austerity. The battles of Sparta are well-known and have become legendary. However, one aspect of its history may surprise many is the role of women in that society. While the city-state is widely seen as a militaristic and very conservative society, it was also a very complex one. Women generally had greater freedom than elsewhere in the Greek world. Spartan women will be shown to have played a significant role in society, the economy, culture, and even the state’s politics.
==== Spartan History====Sparta or Lacedaemon was for centuries However, one aspect of the most important powers its history that may surprise many is women's role in the Hellenic worldthat society. Sparta was in While scholars view the southcity-east of the Peloponnese state as a militaristic and conservative society, it was also quite complex. Women generally had greater freedom than elsewhere in modern Greece. The early history of the Spartans is murkyGreek world. Sometime Spartan women will be shown to have played a significant role in society, the 8th centuryeconomy, the Spartans began to reform their social and legal systemculture, because of chronic instability. The semi-legendary Lycurgus was the leading proponent of these reforms and created a system which focused on the army and victory on even the battlefieldstate’s politics.<ref>Plutarch, <i>Life of Lycurgus</i> 15. 3-4 </ref>
The focus on the army meant that == How did Sparta become a powerful Greek State? ==Sparta or Lacedaemon was for centuries one of the only Greek state with a professional standing armymost important powers in the Hellenic world. Sparta was ruled by two kingsin the south-east of the Peloponnese in modern Greece. The early history of the Spartans is murky. Sometime in the 8th century, whose power was checked by a council of elders the Spartans began to reform their social and an assembly legal system because of citizenschronic instability. The individual semi-legendary Lycurgus was expected to subordinate their needs to the collectiveleading proponent of these reforms and created a system focused on the army and victory on the battlefield.<ref>Plutarch, <i>Life of Lycurgus</i> 15. 3-4 </ref>
One of The focus on the most distinctive features of this society army meant that Sparta was the Agoge, only Greek state with a training program for all young malesprofessional standing army. It involved young boys being taught military Sparta was ruled by two kings, whose power was checked by a council of elders and survival skills. Later when they became citizens and warriors they mainly lived in barracksassembled. Sparta The individual was able expected to subordinate their needs to develop such a unique system because it was a slave-owning society. Their ancestors had enslaved the indigenous Messenians, who formed a subjugated population known as helotscollective.
All One of the citizens and their families owned estates that were worked by most distinctive features of this society was the helotsAgoge, a training program for all young males. The labor of the helots allowed Spartan men to concentrate on It involved young boys being soldierstaught military and survival skills. By the 6th centuryLater, Sparta was recognized as the leading military power when they became citizens and warriors, they dominated the Peloponnesemainly lived in barracks. They played Sparta was able to develop such a leading role in the defeat of the second Persian invasion (492unique system because it was a slave-490 BC)owning society. In Their ancestors had enslaved the years after the Persians were defeatedindigenous Messenians, Athens established an Empire. This led to who formed a long war, subjugated population known as the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens (431-404 BC)helots. The Spartans after receiving support from Persia established hegemony over Greece until they were defeated at Leuctra by the Thebans and their allies (378 BC).
All the citizens and their families owned estates that were worked by the helots. The defeat at Leuctra led labor of the helots allowed Spartan men to a severe politicalconcentrate on being soldiers. By the 6th century, Sparta was recognized as the leading military power, social and military decline they dominated the Peloponnese. They played a leading role in defeating the citysecond Persian invasion (492-state but it managed 490 BC). In the years after the Persians were defeated, Athens established an Empire. This led to maintain its independence from successive Hellenistic monarchs. Rome conquered a long war, known as the Peloponnesian War between Sparta in the 2nd century and Athens (431-404 BC and this finally extinguished this most singular state <ref>Cartledge). After receiving Persia support, Paul The the Spartans: an epic history established hegemony over Greece until they were defeated at Leuctra by the Thebans and their allies (London, Pan Books, 2013378 BC), p 203</ref>.
====The defeat at Leuctra led to a severe political, social and military decline in the city-state, but it managed to maintain its independence from successive Hellenistic monarchs. Rome conquered Sparta women in societythe 2nd century BC, and this finally extinguished this most singular state.<ref>Cartledge, Paul The Spartans: an epic history (London, Pan Books, 2013), p 203</ref> ==How did the lives of Spartan women differ from other Greek states? ==
[[File: Spartan woman.jpg |250px|thumb|left|A bronze statuette of a Spartan girl]]
The sources on of Sparta women are incomplete and scarce. Most of the Sparta's works on Sparta are not the records of Spartan writers and historians but rather of Athenian and other Greek writers.<ref>Pomeroy, Sarah. <i>Spartan Women</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p 11 </ref>. The rest of Greece was fascinated by Spartan females and in particular the unique freedom that they enjoyed.  Typically, in the Hellenic world, women were secluded in the home and expected to concentrate on domestic affairs and could not participate in politics or commerce. Most Athenian women were not educated, and they lived mostly in the houses of their father and husband and were always under the authority of a male.<ref>Powell, Anton, <i>Athens, and Sparta: Constructing Greek political and social history from 478 BC</i> (London: Routledge, 2001)</ref> Despite all their radical thinking and cultural achievements, the Greek world repressed women.
Typically, in But according to the Hellenic worldsources, women Spartan girls were secluded in not confined to the home and expected to concentrate on domestic affairs and could not participate in politics and even commerce. Most Athenian women at were not educatedUnusual, for a Greek city-state, young females received some education. In Greece, there was a great emphasis on physical exercise and they lived mostly in the houses of their father and husband and were always under which was viewed as vital for the authority of a malechildren's development.<ref>Powell, Anton, 156<i/ref>Athens, Spartan girls received some physical training and Sparta: Constructing Greek political even trained in athletics with boys and social history from 478 BC</i> (London: Routledge, 2001)</ref> Despite all their radical thinking competed in races and cultural achievements, the Greek world repressed womencompetitions.
But according to As a result of their rigorous physical exercise, the sources, Spartan girls women were not confined to the homemost beautiful in all of Greece. Unusual There is also some evidence that suggests that they were taught to sing, for a Greek city-statedance, young females received some education. In Greeceand even possible to read and write, there was but this is a great emphasis on physical exercise and which was viewed as vital for the development subject of the childrencontroversy. <ref>PowellPomeroy, 156p 117</ref> Spartan It also appears that these girls received some physical training and even trained had the right to go about in athletics with boys and also competed in races and other competitionspublic without a male or female guardian.
As a result of their rigorous physical exerciseHowever, in reality, it was often held that female Spartans were not as free as presented in the Spartan women sources, and they were still primarily controlled by their families. The city-state’s elite was obsessed with the most beautiful in all physical prowess of Greecetheir population. There is also some evidence that suggests that they They were taught determined to singensure that Sparta had a capable army, dance and even possible which meant men were required to read and write, but this is a subject of controversy <ref> Pomeroy, p 117</ref>have physical prowess. It also appears Men were expected to be trained so that these girls had the right to go about in public without a male or female guardianthey could be great warriors.
HoweverAlternatively, in realitywomen were primarily trained to be mothers, female Spartans were not as free as presented in the sources who produced strong and they were still primarily controlled by their families. The city-state ’s elite was obsessed with healthy male children for the physical prowess good of their populationthe state.<ref>Pomeroy, p. They were determined to ensure 19</ref> The education and freedom that Sparta Spartan girls had a capable army, was limited and this meant men were required designed to have physical prowess. Men were expected to be trained so ensure that they provided male children who could be great trained as warriors. Women did have a defined status in society. Such was motherhood's status that those who died in childbirth were honored like those who fell in battle defending the city-state.<ref>Pomeroy, p 178</ref>
Alternatively== How did family life differ in Sparta? ==Because the individual was expected to put the common good before their own interests, women were primarily trained so that they could be mothersthe family unit was not strong. Marriage was not about love or even the transfer of property, who produced strong and healthy male children for as was the case in the good rest of the stateHellenic words. As in the rest of Greece, young women in Lacedaemon could not select their bridegroom.<ref>PomeroyHowever, unlike other city-states, families did not select young women’s husbands, pbut an official performed this role. 19</ref> The education and freedom that Spartan girls had This was limited and designed to ensure that they provided Spartan couples could produce strong and healthy male children who could be trained as warriors. Women did have a defined status in society. Such was the status of motherhood, that those who died in childbirth were honored like those who fell in battle defending for the city-state's good.<ref>PomeroyCartledge, p 178101</ref>
====The male Spartan Womencitizen did not live with his wife but in the barracks of Agoge.<ref>Talbert, marriage and sex====Because Richard. <i>Plutarch on Sparta</i> (London: Penguin Books, 2005), p 134</ref> The husband would typically sneak out of the individual was expected barracks to put the common good before visit his or her own interests the wife at night. This unusual family unit life was not strong. Marriage was not about love or even the transfer of property as was the case in something that shocked the rest of the Hellenic wordsGreece. As in the rest Their husbands or father did not control. Spartan women meant that they had a great degree of Greecefreedom. They had more sexual freedom after their marriage, young and many classical writers assert that Spartan women in Lacedaemon could not select were routinely unfaithful to their bridegroomhusbands. HoweverAs a result, unlike other city-states, families did not select young women’s husband but an official, performed this role. This was to ensure that the legitimacy of many Spartan couples could produce strong and healthy male children, for the good heirs was a matter of the city-statecontroversy. <ref>CartledgePomeroy, p 101119</ref> Several Spartan kings were excluded from the throne because they claimed they were illegitimate.
The male Spartan citizen did not live with his wife but in the barracks of Agoge <ref>Talbert, Richard. Plutarch on Sparta (London: Penguin Books, 2005), p 134</ref> The husband would typically sneak out of the barracks to visit his wife at night. This unusual family life was something that shocked the rest of Greece. The fact that Spartan women were not controlled by their husband or father meant that they had a great degree of freedom. They had more sexual freedom after their marriage and many classical writers assert that Spartan women were routinely unfaithful to their husbands. As a result, the legitimacy of many Spartan male heirs was a matter of controversy.<ref>Pomeroy, p 119<dh-ad/ref> Several Spartan kings were excluded from the throne because of claims that they were illegitimate.
In general, the tightly controlled Spartan society was not preoccupied with legitimacy issues of legitimacy but on the production of with male children's production. Indeed, it is reported that older men encouraged their wives to have affairs with younger men so that out of these relationships, strong male infants would be born. The level of sexual freedom of Spartan women was something that bewildered the Ancient Greeks, including Aristotle. Moreover, Spartan women could divorce their husband which who was not the case in the rest of Greece.<ref>Cartledge, p 78</ref>
==== Why were Spartan Women and Public Life==part of public life in Sparta? ==
[[File: Sparta.jpg |200px|thumb|left|Modern painting of the siege of Sparta]]
Spartan women were part of the political community, and they had the same rights as men. The city-state’s political system was a curious one , and it had two royal families and two queens. Now, these queens did not have real formal political power, but they had enormous influence. The queens had a great deal of social prestige , and Gorgo, the widow of King Leonidas, who died a hero at Thermopylae, was a significant Laconia figure in Laconia.
Many queens used this to influence policies and even royal successions. Perhaps the most influential queen was, Arachidamia, who contributed to the city's successful defense of the city against Pyrrhus IV in 272 BC <ref> Cartledge, p 201</ref>. The Spartans were very pious and observant in the worship of the Gods. There were many cults in Sparta dedicated to female gods and heroes. Both women and men worshiped Helen of Troy, who was born in Sparta. The cults dedicated to female heroes and deities were overseen by priestesses, something that which was not uncommon in the Greek world. The number of cults dedicated to female figures indicates the relative importance of women in the city-state.
Females played a crucial role in the enforcement of Spartan values, especially the family members of warriors. The female relatives of fallen soldiers celebrated the death of those who died in battle and lamented the survival of those adjudged to be cowards. The mothers of warriors had to ensure that their sons fought and died like their forefathers. Reputedly, a Spartan mother told her son ‘to come back with his shield or on it’ it.’ <ref>Talbot, p 118</ref>. In other words, come back a hero or come back dead. Women had a great deal of social authority in the city-state , unlike other parts of Greece. It was widely believed in the Greek world that women ‘ruled’ the men in the city-state. When a queen was asked why Spartan women were the only in Greece able to dominate men, she replied , ‘"because we are also the only ones who give birth to men." <ref> Plutarch, Moralia 225A and 240E </ref>.
====How did Spartan women and land ownership==become wealthy landowners? ==Females in the city-state, because their husbands lived in the barracks or were often on a campaign , ran the household (oikosOikos). They, therefore, managed not only houses but also estates and oversaw a large number of slaves. Therefore, much of the economy was run by women, a situation that which was unthinkable in Athens and other Greek city-states. This gave them real power and influence. Critically, unlike in other city-states, they could also inherit land and wealth and married, or widowed women were not controlled by a ora male authority figuredid not control widowed women. As men usually died earlier than women, this meant that many widows amassed considerable fortunes.<ref>, Pomeroy, p. 167</ref>
Aristotle claimed that many women in Lacedaemon were very rich wealthy and lived luxurious lives, despite the traditional austerity of Spartan society. Not only did females become Females became wealthy , but they also lent money, and many citizens became indebted to them.<ref> Aristotle, Politics, 1269 </ref> Therefore, a class of Spartan woman women became extremely wealthy and this , which led to growing inequality in the citizen body. According to Aristotle, this undermined the city-state, as . As women abandoned motherhood to pursue wealth and luxury, the birth rate fell.<ref> Aristotle, Politics, 1269 </ref> This led to a decline in the number of Spartan citizens and a reduction in the size of their army and this size, which led to defeats such as Leuctra. However, it should be noted that Aristotle , like many of his contemporaries , was influenced by a misogynistic culture that was misogynistic and distrusted any independent or strong women.
====Conclusion====Sparta was a different society, one which that developed a socio-economic and political system that was focused solely on military success. This emphasis on the army meant that a premium was placed on the number of warriors available. As a result, in that society, despite its innate conservatism, women had more rights as they were the mothers of warriors. The role of women as mothers of Spartan citizens made them invaluable , and as a result, they had a great many more opportunities than Greek women elsewhere, for . For example, they received some education.
Then the militaristic nature of Spartan society meant that women had more economic economical and even sexual freedom. They also were able to play a part in the state's public affairs of the state , and mothers had a particular role in the enforcement of enforcing the city-state’s military values. Furthermore, the females' ability of females to inherit and manage property meant that they became extremely wealthy and how this contributed to the decline of Sparta remains a controversial issue.
====Further Reading====

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