Changes

==Europe in the 14th century==The 14th century He was in many ways a time of disaster and, darkness. It was marked by terrible wars, famines and also one of course the Black Death, pioneers in the most lethal pandemic‘humanist’ movement, known in European history. However, despite tthese disasters there were dramatic changes in European societies. There was an increase in long distance trade which radically transformed Europeans' worldviews and urbanisation culture and feudal society began to break down in many areas. The Catholic Church was dominantMoreover, and it influenced every aspect of life in Europe. However, it was corrupt and worldly and was riven by disputes. This all was leading many the Italian can be said to adopt a more secular view of have invented the world and to reconsider key beliefs such Renaissance concept, which he defined as the imperfectability of humanity. The most advanced area of Europe at this time was Italy. It was a patch-work of city-states which had become centres of trade and industry. The peninsula was also heir of the Roman Empire and the wealthy urban elite increasingly became interested in the return to classical world. This led to dramatic cultural changes and new ways of looking at values after the world and novel ways ‘Dark Ages’ of artistic expression, that soon spread beyond Italy by the 15th centuryMedieval World.

==The life and works of PetrarchWhat was Europe like in the 14th century? ==Francesco Petrarch (in Italian Petrarca) The 14th century was born , in Arezzo in Northern Italy. His father was many ways, a lawyer and a member time of the minor nobility. He spent some of his early childhood in a village near Florence disaster and his family later moved to Avignon in Southern Francedarkness. His father followed the court of the Pope who moved to Avignon to escape the disorders and instability in Rome. Petrarch’s father obliged him to study lawIt was marked by terrible wars, but he later abandoned itfamines, his first love was literature and during his school years he developed a life-long love of Latin and course, the ancient world. The young Francesco entered the church and took minor ordersBlack Death, this meant that while he was a cleric, he was able to live and work in society. The young Italian was in financial straitened circumstances after the death of his father and he began to serve the powerful Cardinal Colonna. Petrarch was a diplomat and he had as a result a very cosmopolitan outlook, which was very rare most lethal pandemic known in the 14th centuryEuropean history. One day while attending mass in 1327 he saw a ladyHowever, at massdespite these disasters, called Laura whom he fell there were dramatic changes in love with at first sight and she became his muse and inspired most of his greatest poetry. During his travels on diplomatic missions he would write poetry in praise of LauraEuropean societies. There are those who have argued that Laura was fictional a poetic device, but most believe she was a real historical figure. She was probably the wife of a local count an increase in long-distance trade and died in 1348. Petrarch became famous throughout Europe after the circulation of his Epic in Latinurbanization, Africa, based on the life of a Roman general. In 1341 he was invited to Rome and was crowned as Poet Laureate, only the second poet feudal society began to be honoured break down in this way, since the fall of the Empire. <ref> Larner, John. Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380. Vol. 2 (London, Longman Publishing Group, 1980), p 118</ref>. He also became friendly with many of the greatest writers of his time, such as Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), the author of the Decameronareas. The Italian Catholic Church was a great letter-writer dominant, and was it influenced every aspect of life in correspondence with the leading thinkers of his timeEurope. Sometime in 1346 However, it seems that Petrarch had a spiritual crisis was corrupt and he became more religious but he did not abandon his love of the classics and the classical world <ref>Larner, Vol I, p 201</ref>. His fame continued to grow, worldly and he was sent on more diplomatic mission riven by the Churchdisputes. The Italian was an early supporter of Cola Rienzi who failed in These problems lead many people to adopt a bid to resurrect the Roman Republic and restore popular government in Rome. This made him very unpopular with some of the leading Church figures of the day and possibly harmed his diplomatic career. After 1350 he travelled less and began to dedicate himself more to poetry secular worldview and he revised many of his earlier lyrics, especially those in Italian and he collected these in his famous Il Canzoniere (Song Book). Despite taking orders, reconsider key beliefs such as a cleric, Petrarch, fathered two children outside of marriage and he legitimized both of them, a son and a daughter. He had a deep interest in education and became involved in a number of polemics against those who championed the traditional approach to education, which was largely influenced by the teachings of the Church <ref> Mazzotta, Giuseppe. The worlds of Petrarch. Nohumanity's imperfectability. 14 (North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1993), p. 119</ref>. In the 1360s he settled in Florence and later Padua but had to move regularly because of outbreaks of the Black Death. In 1367 he returned to Padua and remained there until his death in 1374. [[File: Petrarch 3.jpg|200px|thumb|left| The real-life Laura was Laura De Noves]]

==His impact on the literature The most advanced region of the Renaissance==While Petrarch wrote in both Latin and Italian it is arguably his works and especially his poetry in his native tongue that Europe at this time was most influential. Vernacular poetry had begun to flourish in the 13th and 14th century and the works of Dante and the Sicilian School are still considered to be masterpieces of European literature<ref> Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, (London, Penguin Books, 1990), p 117</ref>. Dante one It was a patchwork of the world’s greatest poets city-states that had actually been a friend become centers of Petrarch’s fathertrade and industry. The writer peninsula was, to have a major impact on the development of poetry in the Renaissance. Petrarch is often credited as the inventor of the sonnet, one of the most popular poetic forms in the western tradition. This is a fourteen-line poem in the metre known as iambic pentameter. However, he really only perfected the form and he introduced innovations that allowed poets to use language in a very expressive way. Petrarch also developed new literary devices such as the extended metaphor. He was not the first to write about love in a very romantic way and about an idealized beloved. However, his poems dedicated to his love heir of Laura were very influential popularized the writing of love poetry in Italy and beyond. His use of sonnets to express his inner life and emotions was revolutionary and original. This did much to encourage poets to write in a more personal and introspective style<ref> KirkhamRoman Empire, Victoria and Armando Maggi. Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 119</ref>. Petrarch's verse wealthy urban elite increasingly became the model for lyrical poets for many centuries. His sonnets, known as the Petrarchan Sonnet, were very popular interested in Elizabethan England. Shakespeare was clearly influenced by the Italian and he developed his own style of sonnet, known as the Shakespearian sonnet, based on Petrarch’s verseclassical world. The Italian wrote his poetry in the Tuscan dialect, as had Dante ,and this These led it to become the standard form dramatic cultural changes and new ways of literary expression in looking at the Italian Peninsulaworld, which had many regional dialects. The Italian was not only a great poet he also was a great prose writer. He wrote the first autobiography since the classical era and this was a landmark in the development novel forms of artistic expression that soon spread beyond Italy by the genre and encouraged more writers to compose their memoirs and life-story. His dialogues, letters, and other works, in Latin inspired many imitators in the Renaissance15th century.

==The First HumanistHow did Petrarch become a famous author? ==Humanism was a cultural movement that valued human qualities, such as reason and argued that this world had worth and meaning, which was contrary to Christian teachings[[File: Petrarch 3. It taught that human agency could improve society and give dignity and freedom to the individual jpg|300px|thumb|left|The real-life<ref> Nauert, Charles G. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe: Second Edition. Laura was Laura De Noves]]Francesco Petrarch (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006), p 115</ref>. Petrarch is often regarded as the Father of Humanism. This is because he helped to popularize the study of the classical world and literature. He personally rediscovered many manuscripts in monasteries and had Greek works translated to Latin, so that they could be more readily read and studied. Petrarch believed that the study of the classics could enhance a person, intellectually and morally and this became axiomatic among humanists. The Italian Petrarca) was born in his works encouraged his readers to take an interest Arezzo in nature and helped to formulate a new aesthetic, which did not regard the world as a ‘vale of tears’ but as something that was beautiful and could help a person to develop spiritually <ref>Naubert, p. 18</ref>Northern Italy. His famous ‘Letter on the ‘Ascent of Mont Ventoux’ is regarded as father was a landmark, which argued that a delight in nature could be morally lawyer and spiritually uplifting<ref> Petrarch Epistolae familiares (IV, 1) </ref>. This is held by many to have initiated a move to the re-discovery of the world after the Middle Ages and its focus on the life to come, which was a characteristic member of the humanistsminor nobility. This ultimately led to the rational examination He spent some of the world and this had dramatic consequences his early childhood in the fields as diverse as sciencea village near Florence, politics and philosophy. Moreover, the poet in his writings was very much interested family later moved to Avignon in the interior life of a person and suggested that everyone had a rich inner life, a key tenet of humanismSouthern France. He held that His father followed the individual was important, and this was radical for the time <ref>. Bishop, Morris Petrarch and His World. (Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana University Press 1963), p 118</ref> HoweverPope's court, Petrarch was conflicted, he was a very religious man and yet he admired the pagan classical world. He was ultimately able who moved to resolve this by arguing that the classical and pagan world could help a person Avignon to become more moral escape Rome's disorders and to achieve salvationinstability. This did much to ensure that humanism and its love of the classical past was acceptable in an Italy and Europe that was still staunchly Christian <ref>Bishop. p. 201</ref>. [[File: Petrarch Two.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Mont Ventoux’ which inspired Petrarch to write one of the most important documents of the Renaissance]]

Petrarch’s father obliged him to study law, but he later abandoned it, his first love was literature, and during his school years, he developed a life-long love of Latin and the ancient world. The young Francesco entered the church and took minor orders. This meant that while he was a cleric, he was able to live and work in society. The young Italian was in financially straitened circumstances after his father's death, and he began to serve the powerful Cardinal Colonna.  Petrarch was a diplomat, and he had a very cosmopolitan outlook, which was very rare in the 14th century. One day while attending mass in 1327, he saw a lady at mass called Laura, whom he fell in love with at first sight, and she became his muse and inspired most of his greatest poetry. During his travels on diplomatic missions, he would write poetry in praise of Laura. Some have argued that Laura was fictional, a poetic device, but most believe she was a real historical figure. She was probably the wife of a local count and died in 1348. Petrarch became famous throughout Europe after the circulation of his Epic in Latin, Africa, based on a Roman general's life.  In 1341, he was invited to Rome and was crowned as Poet Laureate, only the second poet to be honored in this way since the fall of the Empire. <ref> Larner, John. [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0582491495/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=Inventing the Renaissance0582491495&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=58bcbc87c3d5373957814ad9e0794770 Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380. Vol. 2] (London, Longman Publishing Group, 1980), p 118</ref> He also became friendly with many of the greatest writers of his time, such as Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), the author of the Decameron. The Italian was a great letter-writer and was in correspondence with the leading thinkers of his time. Sometime in 1346, it seems that Petrarch had a spiritual crisis, and he became more religious. But he did not abandon his love of the classics and the classical world.<ref>Larner, Vol I, p 201</ref> In His fame continued to grow, and he was sent on a more diplomatic mission by the Church. The Italian was an early supporter of Cola Rienzi, who failed to resurrect the Roman Republic and restore a popular government in Rome. This made him very unpopular with some waysof the leading Church figures of the day and possibly harmed his diplomatic career. After 1350 he traveled less and began to dedicate himself more to poetry. He revised many of his earlier lyrics, especially Italian, and he collected these in his famous Il Canzoniere (Song Book).  Despite taking orders, as a cleric, Petrarch, fathered two children outside of marriage and legitimized both a son and a daughter. He had a deep interest in education and became involved in some polemics against those who championed the poet traditional approach to education, which was not only one largely influenced by the Church's teachings.<ref> Mazzotta, Giuseppe. The worlds of Petrarch. No. 14 (North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1993), p. 119.</ref>In the 1360s, he settled in Florence and later Padua but had to move regularly because of outbreaks of the Black Death. In 1367 he returned to Padua and remained there until he died in 1374. == What was Petrarch's impact on Renaissance literature? ==<dh-ad/>While Petrarch wrote in both Latin and Italian, it is arguably his works, especially his poetry in his native tongue, that was most important figures influential. Vernacular poetry had begun to flourish in the 13th and 14th centuries, and the works of Dante and the Sicilian School are still considered masterpieces of European literature.<ref> Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissancein Italy (London, Penguin Books, 1990), p 117</ref> Dante, one of the world’s greatest poets, in was a sense he invented itfriend of Petrarch’s father. The writer had a major impact on the development of poetry in the Renaissance . Petrarch is widely seen often credited as the sonnet's inventor, one of the most popular poetic forms in the western tradition. This is a period of ‘refourteen-birth’ when Europe rediscovered classical values line poem in the meter known as iambic pentameter. However, he really only perfected the form, and he introduced innovations that allowed poets to use language in a very expressive way.  Petrarch also developed new literary devices such as the process used extended metaphor. He was not the ancient pastfirst to write about love in a very romantic way and about an idealized beloved. However, for models which ultimately led his poems dedicated to his love of Laura were very influential popularized the development writing of love poetry in Italy and beyond. His use of sonnets to express his inner life and emotions was revolutionary and original. This did much to encourage poets to write in a more modern ways of thought personal and introspective style.<ref>BishopKirkham, Victoria, and Armando Maggi. [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0226437426/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0226437426&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d4399bf8121c44314571579562bd2c77 Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works]. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 213119</ref> Petrarch's verse became the model for lyrical poets for many centuries. His sonnets, known as the Petrarchan Sonnet, were very popular in Elizabethan England. Petrarch The Italian clearly influenced Shakespeare, and he developed his own style of the sonnet, known as the Shakespearian sonnet, based on Petrarch’s verse. The Italian wrote his poetry in the Tuscan dialect, as had Dante. This led it to become the standard form of literary expression in the Italian Peninsula, which had many regional dialects. The Italian was not only a great poet; he also was a great prose writer. He wrote the first autobiography since the classical era, and this was a landmark in the development of the genre and encouraged more writers to recognize that compose their memoirs and life-story. His dialogues, letters, and other works, in Latin, inspired many imitators in the Renaissance. == Was Petrarch the study First Humanist? ==[[File: Petrarch Two.jpg|300px|thumb|left| Mont Ventoux’ which inspired Petrarch to write one of the past by most important documents of the humanists Renaissance]]Humanism was a new period cultural movement that valued human qualities, such as reason, and argued that this world had worth and meaning, contrary to Christian teachings. It taught that human agency could improve society and give dignity and freedom to individual life.<ref> Nauert, Charles G. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe: Second Edition. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006), p 115</ref> Petrarch is often regarded as the Father of Humanism because he helped popularize the classical world and literature study. He rediscovered many manuscripts in history monasteries and one had Greek works translated to Latin so that they could be more readily read and studied.  Petrarch believed that would revive the glory study of Rome the classics could enhance a person, intellectually and Greecemorally, which became axiomatic among humanists. He portrayed it encouraged his readers to take an interest in nature and formulate a new aesthetic, which did not regard the world as distinct from previous centuries which he described a ‘vale of tears’ but as ignorant something that was beautiful and could help a ‘Dark Age’ person develop spiritually. This was not strictly true because learning in Europe had been growing since <ref>Naubert, p. 18.</ref> His famous ‘Letter on the 12th century. Indeed‘Ascent of Mont Ventoux’ is regarded as a landmark, many have which argued that delight in nature could be morally and spiritually uplifting.<ref> Petrarch Epistolae familiares (IV, 1) </ref>  Petrarch initiated the Renaissance in Italy move to the world's re-discovery after the Middle Ages and elsewhere were its focus on the life to come, which was a direct result characteristic of trends in the Middle Ageshumanists. Petrarch’s conception of This ultimately led to the Renaissance world's rational examination, which had dramatic consequences in fields as diverse as something distinct from science, politics, and philosophy. Moreover, the poet in his writings was very interested in a person's interior life and suggested that everyone had a rich inner life, a key tenet of humanism. He held that the Medieval world has been profoundly influential individual was important, and it remains so to this daywas radical for the time. <ref>Bishop, Morris Petrarch, and His World. (Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana University Press 1963), p 118</ref> BurckhardtHowever, Petrarch was conflicted, he was a very religious man, Jacobyet he admired the pagan classical world. He was ultimately able to resolve this by arguing that the classical and pagan world could help a person become more moral and achieve salvation. The Civilization This did much to ensure that humanism and its love of the Renaissance classical past were acceptable in an Italyand Europe that was still staunchly Christian.<ref>Bishop. p. 201</ref> == Did Petrarch Invent the Renaissance? ==

==Conclusion==Petrarch was undoubtedly one of the most significant influences on the Renaissance not only in Italy but throughout Europe. His poetry was to inspire other poets in the period and laterGiustiniani, to examine their interior life and emotions and to celebrate the natural world and to see love as something spiritual. His literary forms such as the sonnet and autobiography persuaded many writers to adopt a more personal style. Petrarch was also if not the ‘Father of Humanism’ certainly one of its leading lights. Vito For example"Homo, his works and scholarship didHumanus, much to encourage an appreciation of Graeco-Roman civilization and this was radical as it helped to counter the stifling influence of the Church and Papacy. His writings and philosophy promoted a more secular and rational worldview and promoted a greater awareness of the importance Meanings of the individualHumanism. This had important repercussion and encouraged a belief that this world was important and not just salvation. This encouraged a rediscovery " Journal of not only the ancient world but a growing investigation History of the world and society that led to a more modern outlook and one that was not wholly influenced by Christianity. ==Further Reading==Petrarch. F. My Secret Book, Ideas 46 (Secretum1985), translated by Nicholas Mann. Harvard University Press.pp 167 – 95

Giustiniani, Vito "Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of Humanism". Journal of the [[Category:European History of Ideas 46 (1985), pp 167 – 95]] [[Category:Italian History]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Renaissance History]]