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__NOTOC__The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War<youtube>https://www. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies thereyoutube.com/watch?v=RBUWHUKvvec</youtube>

[[File:Nouvelle-France1750.png|thumbnail|left|275px|Map of North American in 1750]]__NOTOC__[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060761857/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=The Nebulous Border between French and British Colonies9325&creativeASIN=0060761857&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a91b60ca9671dfc7e9f4670493d43c19 The border between French and British possessions Indian War] was not well defined, the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and one disputed territory was France known as [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0375706364/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0375706364&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=c9905deca9b71f6591a40aad858247bf the upper Ohio River valleySeven Years’ War]. The French had constructed a number and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of forts Paris in this region 1763. The war provided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in an attempt to strengthen their claim on the territoryNorth America. British colonial forcesStill, disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, attempted to expel the French in 1754, but were outnumbered colonial discontent and defeated by ultimately to the FrenchAmerican Revolution. When news In terms of Washington’s failure reached British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastlethe treaty, he called for a quick undeclared retaliatory strike. However, his adversaries France gave up all its territories in the Cabinet outmaneuvered him by making the plans publicmainland North America, thus alerting effectively ending any foreign military threat to the French Government and escalating a distant frontier skirmish into a full-scale warBritish colonies there.

The war did not begin well for the British. The British Government sent General Edward Braddock to the colonies French and Indian War resulted from ongoing frontier tensions in North America as commander in chief of both French and British North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies imperial officials and colonial leaders failed colonists sought to cooperate with himextend each country’s sphere of influence. On July 13, 1755, Braddock died after being mortally wounded in an ambush on a failed expedition to capture Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. The war in In North America settled into a stalemate for , the next several yearswar pitted France, French colonists, and their Native allies against Great Britain, while in Europe the French scored an important naval victory Anglo-American colonists, and captured the British possession Iroquois Confederacy, which controlled most upstate New York and parts of Minorca in the Mediterranean in 1756northern Pennsylvania. HoweverIn 1753, after 1757 before the war began to turn in favor of hostilities outbreak, Great Britaincontrolled the 13 colonies up to the Appalachian Mountains. British forces defeated French forces in IndiaStill, beyond lay New France, a huge, sparsely settled colony stretched from Louisiana through the Mississippi Valley and in 1759 British armies invaded and conquered Great Lakes to Canada.(See Incidents Leading up to the French and Indian War and Albany Plan)

====France's faces Defeat==Why was the Border between French and British Colonies in dispute? ==Facing defeat in North America The border between French and a tenuous position in EuropeBritish possessions was not well defined, and one disputed territory was the upper Ohio River valley. The French Government attempted had constructed several forts in this region to engage strengthen their claim on the territory. British in peace negotiationscolonial forces, but British Minister William Pitt (the elder)led by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, Secretary for Southern Affairs, sought not only attempted to expel the French cession of Canada in 1754 but also commercial concessions that were outnumbered and defeated by the French Government found unacceptable. After these negotiations failedWhen news of Washington’s failure reached British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Spanish King Charles III offered to come to the aid Duke of his cousinNewcastle, French King Louis XV, and their representatives signed an alliance known as the Family Compact on August 15, 1761he called for a quick undeclared retaliatory strike. The terms of the agreement stated that Spain would declare war on Great Britain if the war did not end before May 1However, 1762. Originally intended to pressure his adversaries in the British into a peace agreementCabinet outmaneuvered him by making plans public, the Family Compact ultimately reinvigorated thus alerting the French will to continue the war, Government and caused the British Government to declare escalating a distant frontier skirmish into a full-scale war on Spain on January 4, 1762, after bitter infighting among King George III’s ministers.

Despite facing such a formidable alliance, The war did not begin well for the British naval strength and Spanish ineffectiveness led to . The British successGovernment sent [https://www.amazon. com/gp/product/0199845328/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0199845328&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2ad7b476f8a23747bd3854f3a9e46716 General Edward Braddock] to the colonies as commander in chief of British North American forces seized French Caribbean islands. Still, Spanish Cubahe alienated potential Indian allies, and the Philippinescolonial leaders failed to cooperate with him. Fighting On July 13, 1755, Braddock died after being mortally wounded in Europe ended after an ambush on a failed Spanish invasion of British ally Portugalexpedition to capture Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. The war in North America settled into a stalemate for the next several years. By 1763In Europe, the French scored an important naval victory and Spanish diplomats captured Minorca's British possession in the Mediterranean in 1756. However, after 1757 the war began to seek peaceturn in favor of Great Britain. British forces defeated French forces in India, and in 1759 British armies invaded and conquered Canada.

====Negotiating Why was France losing the Treaty of Paris==Seven Years War? ==News had reached Facing defeat in North America and a tenuous Europe of position, the French Government attempted to engage the British capture in peace negotiations. Still, British Minister William Pitt (the elder), Secretary for Southern Affairs, sought the French cession of Havana, Canada and with it commercial concessions that the Spanish colony of CubaFrench Government found unacceptable. After these negotiations failed, Spanish King Charles III refused offered to agree come to a treaty his cousin, French King Louis XV, and their representatives signed an alliance known as the Family Compact on August 15, 1761. The terms of the agreement stated that Spain would require Spain declare war on Great Britain if the war did not end before May 1, 1762. Originally intended to cede Cuba, but pressure the British Parliament would never ratify into a treaty that did not reflect peace agreement, the Family Compact ultimately reinvigorated the French will to continue the war. It caused the British territorial gains made during the Government to declare waron Spain on January 4, 1762, after bitter infighting among King George III’s ministers.

Despite facing such a formidable alliance, British naval strength and Spanish ineffectiveness led to British success. British forces seized French Caribbean islands, Spanish Cuba, and the Philippines. Fighting in Europe ended after a failed Spanish invasion of British ally Portugal. By 1763, French and Spanish diplomats began to seek peace. == How the adversaries Negotiate the Treaty of Paris? ==News had reached Europe of the British capture of Havana and with it the Spanish colony of Cuba. Spanish King Charles III refused to agree to a treaty that would require Spain to cede Cuba. Still, the British Parliament would never ratify a treaty that did not reflect British territorial gains during the war. Facing this dilemma, French negotiator Choiseul proposed a solution that redistributed American territory between France, Spain , and Great Britain. Under Choiseul’s plan, Britain would gain all French territory east of the Mississippi, while Spain would retain Cuba in exchange for handing Florida over to Great Britain. French territories west of the Mississippi would become Spanish, along with the port of New Orleans. In return for these cessionsareas, along with territory in India, Africa, and the Mediterranean island of Minorca, France would regain the Caribbean islands that British forces had captured during the war. The British Government also promised to allow French Canadians to freely practice Catholicism and provided for provide French fishing rights off Newfoundlandfreely.

The diplomats completed their negotiations and signed the preliminary Treaty of Paris on November 3, 1762. Spanish and French negotiators also signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso at the same timesimultaneously, which confirmed the cession of French Louisiana to Spain.

====Why How did Britain approve the Treatyof Paris alter the balance of power in North America?====Although British King George III and his ministers were in favor of favored the treaty, it was unpopular with the British public. However, the treaty contained enough concessions to war hawks that the British Parliament ratified the Treaty of Paris by a majority of 319 to 64, and the . The treaty went into effect on February 10, 1763.

For Anglo-American colonists, the treaty was a theoretical success. By confirming the Canada's conquest of Canada and extending British possessions to the Mississippi, the colonists no longer had to worry about the threat of a French invasion. For the American Indians in what had been frontier territory, the treaty proved disastrous. They could no longer pursue what had been a largely effective strategy of playing the French and British against each other to extract the most favorable terms of alliance and preserve their lands against encroachment by Anglo-American colonists.

Despite what seemed like a success, the Treaty of Paris ultimately encouraged dissension between Anglo-American colonists and the British Government because their interests in North America no longer coincided. The British Government no longer wanted to maintain an expensive military presence, and its . Its attempts to manage a post-treaty frontier policy that would balance colonists’ and Indians’ interests would prove ineffective and even counterproductive. Coupled with differences between the imperial government and colonists on how to levy taxes to pay for debts on wartime expenses, the Treaty of Paris ultimately set the colonists on the path towards seeking independence, even as it seemed to make the British Empire stronger than ever. (see Parliamentary Taxation  Republished from [https://history.state.gov/| Office of Colonies)the Historian], United States Department of State Article: [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war| French and Indian War-Seven Years’ War, 1754–63] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:US State Department]] [[Category:United States History]] [[Category:18th Century History]] [[Category:Colonial American History]] [[Category:French History]] [[Category:British History]] [[Category:American Revolution]]