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==First Evidence __NOTOC__[[File:Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_(Kestner_Museum).jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Akhenaten as a Sphinx with the Sun God]]The first monotheistic religion developed in Ancient Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten, but it failed to gain a foothold and disappeared soon after his death. Monotheism==did not become a permanent fixture in the world until the adoption of monotheism by Hebrews in Babylon. While monotheism is often seen as something that derived from Judaism, the history of how monotheism became pervasive and expanded beyond Judaism is complex. Integrating both historical and archaeological data, we find that the rise of monotheism has been influenced by key political events. These political events help transform not just these early monotheistic faiths but also by extension many parts of the world today.

In Biblical chronology, we see that == What was the establishment of the state of Israel would constitute the world’s first true monotheistic state. However, the reality is there is no Monotheist Religion? ==How did monotheism start? The first evidence yet that shows of monotheism existed or was beyond a limited minority either emerges from Egypt in Judah or Israel, the two main states 14th century BCE (1353-1336 BC) during the reign of the Jewish people in the BibleAkhenaten.<ref> For information regarding the diversity of gods in ancient Israel and Judah, about Akhenaten see: StavrakopoulouReeves, Francesca, and John Barton, edsNicholas. 2005. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0500051062/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0500051062&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=677e84cbaa3df8a547a903e9e58c82b0 Akhenaten: Egypt’s False Prophet]''. 20101. ‘’’’Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah’’’’Aufl. London ; New YorkLondon: T Thames & T ClarkHudson.</ref> In fact, excavations throughout modern Israel reveal very commonly other gods, in particular Asherah (or Astarte), The king was known to have worshiped, likely in conjunction with YahwehAten, the Jewish sun disk god(Figure 1). While initially, Akhenaten allowed the Jewish Yahweh god may have been the main god, it appears other gods were worship and accepted by much of the Jewish population. Perhaps one of the starkest indications that monotheismmany gods, if it existed at allas Egyptian kings had always done so, would have been in a very small minority at best during by the existence 5th year of his reign there was a decisive move that made the states worship of Israel and Judah is an 8th century BC find from Aten the Sinai that shows and states that Yahweh was married or coupled with only recognized religion in the goddess Asherah (Figure 2)kingdom.<ref> For information about this inscription, see[[File: Ruether, Rosemary Radford. 2006. ‘’’’Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History’’’’. 1. paperback print. Berkeley: Univ376px-Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127. jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|Figurine of Calif. Press, pg. 74.</ref> This indicates that even if Yahweh had supremacy he was not the only god worshiped. In fact, the Bible does seem to suggest this was the case Astarte (e.g.Asherah) with a horned headdress, Louvre Museum]]The worship of Aten constituted the Asherah poles worshiped first monotheistic religion in the Bible). What is not indicated is the extent of which ancient Judah and Israel, in essence, appeared to be very similar to other contemporary states, which had chief gods (e.g., Ba’al, Marduk, Ashur, etc.) but also worshiped other deitiesworld.<ref>For information about other states and how divinity was structured monotheism in this period see: SnellHoffmeier, Daniel CJames Karl. 2015. ''[https://www. 2011amazon. ‘’’’Religions com/gp/product/0199792089/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0199792089&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2ff8db798db59fc236b0c547f0d958ea Akhenaten and the Origins of the Ancient Near East’’’’Monotheism]''. Oxford ; New York: Cambridge Oxford University Press.</ref> Figure 2. Early depiction of Yahweh with his god Asherah mentioned in an inscription associating the two gods (http://www.jpost.com/HttpHandlers/ShowImage.ashx?id=204932)

However, while this represented an innovation, the worship of a single god proved to be highly unpopular with the priestly classes as well as, most likely, the local population. In this period, worship of deities was very specific to given cities and temples. Additionally, these temples performed important economic activities for communities. The ban of other gods or the cessation of worship of other gods would have been devastating to local economies and communities.<ref> For information about how temples in cities function during the ancient world see: Kemp, Barry J. 2006. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415235502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415235502&linkCode=The New Monotheismas2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=68c8626317aaf79a23b9398a4a09701e Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization]''. 2nd ed. London ; New York: Routledge, Pg. 257.</ref>

Perhaps more critical to monotheism is not what occurred in == Was Ancient Judaism Monotheistic? ==In Biblical chronology, we see that the establishment of the period state of Judah and Israel but what happened afterwardswould constitute the world’s first true monotheistic state. In 587 BCHowever, Jerusalem the reality is there is no evidence yet that shows monotheism existed or was sackedbeyond a limited minority either in Judah or Israel, which constituted a major crisis for the two main states of the Jewish population of Judahpeople in the Bible.<ref>For a history on information regarding the exile diversity of the Jews from gods in ancient Israel and Judah , see: Lipschitz Stavrakopoulou, OdedFrancesca, and Joseph BlenkinsoppJohn Barton, eds. 20032010. ‘’’’Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period’’’’. Winona Lake, Ind''[https: Eisenbrauns.</ref> Many elites were taken to Babylon and this began a long period of the Jewish diaspora in places such as Mesopotamia (i/www.eamazon., Iraq) that lasted until after World War II. We see soon after this period a greater emphasis on Yahweh, while other gods are now depicted in a negative light and Yahweh is mentioned as the only god.<com/gp/product/0567032167/ref>For indication of monotheism during the post=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0567032167&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-Babylonian exile period 20&linkId=a6fddd78b93aaa866baffd50a135f2a0 Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and its predecessors see: Schneider, Laurel CJudah]''. 2008. ‘’’’Beyond Monotheism: A Theology of Multiplicity’’’’. London, [England] London ; New York: RoutledgeT & T Clark.</ref> In other words, the theology began to be monotheistic by at least after the period of the exile in Babylon. This could be due to the fact that the main temple to Yahweh in Jerusalem was destroyed, negating any way to properly worship the god. Regardless, what is clear is monotheism only began to obtain greater traction after the destruction of the temple to Yahweh in Jerusalem.

Perhaps also critical to these developments were other religious changes occurring to In fact, excavations throughout modern Israel commonly reveal the Near East from the period existence of the Achaemenid Empire other gods. In particular, Asherah (550-330 BCor Astarte) and later. This period introduces a new god, Ahura Mazdawas worshiped, likely in conjunction with Yahweh, to the wider Near EastJewish god. While this the Jewish Yahweh god may not seem significanthave been the main god, this god began it appears other gods were worshiped and accepted by much of the Jewish population. Perhaps one of the starkest indications that monotheism, if it existed at all, would have been limited to be associated a very small minority of Jews. During the 8th century BC, archeologists have found evidence that suggests that Yahweh was married or coupled with the emerging religion of Zoroastrianismgoddess Asherah.<ref>For information about Zoroastrianism this inscription, see: Boyce, Mary. 1996. ‘’’’A History of Zoroastrianism’’’’. 3rd impression, with corrections. Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung, Der Nahe Und Mittlere Osten, 13. Bd., Religion, 1. AbschnittRuether, Religionsgeschichte des Alten Orients, LfgRosemary Radford. 2, Heft 2A2006. Leiden ; New York''[https: E//www.Jamazon. Brill.<com/gp/product/0520250052/ref> This faith eventually (i.e., this is unclear how this religion develops or when it develops its main tenants) becomes likely =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520250052&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d016bd8cf492a027e3ef5cd3d600f5b7 Goddesses and the earliest faith which depicts a single good god fighting an evil deity (Angra Mainyu) in a great cosmic struggle affecting the whole world (iDivine Feminine: A Western Religious History]''.e1., a universal faith)paperback print. Furthermore, this good vs. evil struggle is also depicted in the eventual resurrection of the dead during a judgment day on Earth, where the good go to a type of heavenBerkeley: Univ. What this suggests is that Judaism, or at least very likely Christianity, may have been influenced by Zoroastrianism’s concepts of good vsCalif. evil, as the major tenants that Christianity adoptsPress, such as the concept of God vspg. Satan and judgment day, were already present in Zoroastrianism74. </ref>

What is also telling is This evidence indicates that monotheism even if Yahweh had supremacy he was not the only appears to emerge during a period when larger states and empires were presentgod worshiped. In fact, all religions that we can call monotheistic, or more accurately universal religions the Bible does seem to suggest this was the case (ie.eg., a religion relevant the Asherah poles worshiped in the Bible). What is not indicated is the extent to all people which ancient Judah and not just a population group; Israel, in essence, appeared to be very similar to other contemporary states, which had chief gods (e.g., IslamBa’al, ChristianityMarduk, JudaismAshur, Manichaeismetc.) develop at a time of large scale empires where kings were now being called “king of kings” and seen as unifiers of many peoplebut also worshiped other deities.<ref>For the concept of “king of kings” information about other states and larger unification of multiple populations during the period of the large empires how divinity was structured see: ShayeganSnell, M. RahimDaniel C. 2011. ‘’’’Arsacids and Sasanians''[https: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia’’’’//www. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Pressamazon.<com/gp/product/052168336X/ref> In essence, before a single or universal god became the norm, the concept =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=052168336X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8863fbc417e1e248326b0e496a5416b4 Religions of a universal king or emperor became well established. This likely makes the idea of a single political unity more palatable for multiple population groupsAncient Near East]''. We know universal empires sought to unify people through a common government and other common cultural links, including through the economy.<ref>For information about emerging concepts of universalism in empires see: Cline, Eric H., and Mark W. Graham. 2011. ‘’’’Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam’’’’. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Therefore, it may not be a surprise that universal empires helped to create philosophies of universal religions and ideas, as the ideas of greater unity between populations had already become well established. On the other hand, during the period when Yahweh, for instance, was the chief god in Judah, we see no evidence that this god was considered the only god and certainly he was only associated with the Jewish people. In essence, the mental constructs of god in the pre-Babylonian exile period (i.e., before the 6th century BC) do not appear to incorporate God as being the only god. The development seems to happen later, perhaps under the presence of empires and/or the desire to transform an existing religion due to changes in political circumstances such as the loss of Jerusalem.

==ConclusionWhen did Hebrew Monotheism develop? ==[[File:Zeus_Yahweh.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|4th Century BC Phoenician coin with an image that possibly represents Yaweh.]]Perhaps more critical to monotheism is not what occurred in the period of Judah and Israel but what happened afterward. In 587 BC, Jerusalem was sacked, which constituted a major crisis for the Jewish population of Judah.<ref>For a history on the exile of the Jews from Judah see: Lipschitz, Oded, and Joseph Blenkinsopp, eds. 2003. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1575060736/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1575060736&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=843b06a4bf8a1afaa936dace0527238e Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period]’’. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns.</ref> Many elites were taken to Babylon and this began a long period of the Jewish diaspora in places such as Mesopotamia (i.e., Iraq) that lasted until after World War II. We see soon after this period a greater emphasis on Yahweh, while other gods are now depicted in a negative light, and Yahweh is mentioned as the only god.<ref>For an indication of monotheism during the post-Babylonian exile period and its predecessors see: Schneider, Laurel C. 2008. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415941911/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415941911&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d65b1e1dca811b52f37f6d5cae77a156 Beyond Monotheism: A Theology of Multiplicity]''. London, [England] ; New York: Routledge.</ref>

In other words, the theology began to be monotheistic at least after the period of the exile in Babylon. This could be due to the fact that the main temple to Yahweh in Jerusalem was destroyed, negating any way to properly worship the god. Regardless, what is clear is monotheism only began to obtain greater traction after the destruction of the temple to Yahweh in Jerusalem.  Perhaps also critical to these developments were other religious changes occurring to the Near East from the period of the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC) and later. This period introduces a new god, Ahura Mazda, to the wider Near East. While this may not seem significant, this god began to be associated with the emerging religion of Zoroastrianism.<ref>For information about Zoroastrianism see: Boyce, Mary. 1996. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9004092714/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=9004092714&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=89511a221a1a75eb734672874e72f015 A History of Zoroastrianism]''. 3rd impression, with corrections. Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung, Der Nahe Und Mittlere Osten, 13. Bd., Religion, 1. Abschnitt, Religionsgeschichte des Alten Orients, Lfg. 2, Heft 2A. Leiden ; New York: E.J. Brill.</ref>  Zoroastrianism eventually (i.e., this is unclear how this religion develops or when it develops its main tenants) becomes the earliest faith which depicts a single good god fighting an evil deity (Angra Mainyu) in a great cosmic struggle affecting the whole world (i.e., a universal faith).  Furthermore, this good vs. evil struggle is also depicted in the eventual resurrection of the dead during a judgment day on Earth, where the good goes to a type of heaven. What this suggests is that Judaism, or at least very likely Christianity, may have been influenced by Zoroastrianism’s concepts of good vs. evil, as the major tenants that Christianity adopts, such as the concept of God vs. Satan and judgment day, were already present in Zoroastrianism. == Does the Rise of Monotheism parallel the Rise of Empires? ==Interestingly, monotheism only appears to emerge during a period when larger states and empires were present. In fact, all religions that we can call monotheistic, or more accurately universal religions (i.e., a religion relevant to all people and not just a population group; e.g., Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Manichaeism) develop at a time of large scale empires where kings were now being called “king of kings” and seen as unifiers of many people.<ref>For the concept of “king of kings” and larger unification of multiple populations during the period of the large empires see: Shayegan, M. Rahim. 2011. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521766419/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521766419&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=1f93b445436f466baed1d819eb20554d Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia]''. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> In essence, before a single or universal god became the norm, the concept of a universal king or emperor became well established. This likely makes the idea of a single political unity more palatable for multiple population groups. We know universal empires sought to unify people through a common government and other common cultural links, including through the economy.<ref>For information about emerging concepts of universalism in empires see: Cline, Eric H., and Mark W. Graham. 2011. [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521717809/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521717809&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a411bd2ba7d644e44a13cf9065a4430e <i>Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam</i>]. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>  Therefore, it may not be a surprise that universal empires helped to create philosophies of universal religions and ideas, as the ideas of greater unity between populations had already become well established. On the other hand, during the period when Yahweh, for instance, was the chief god in Judah, we see no evidence that this god was considered the only god and certainly he was only associated with the Jewish people. In essence, the mental constructs of god in the pre-Babylonian exile period (i.e., before the 6th century BC) do not appear to incorporate God as being the only god. The development seems to happen later, perhaps under the presence of empires and/or the desire to transform an existing religion due to changes in political circumstances such as the loss of Jerusalem. == Conclusion ==What is clear is monotheism was not something that took a long time to develop. We can see archaeological and historically that at least through the first half of the first millennium BCE polytheism dominated. The later monotheistic faith of Judaism appears to initially be a polytheistic religion. After the influence of empires and the loss of the Judean temple, we begin to see greater transformations toward monotheism. This eventually gives rise to modern monotheistic Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Along the way, Zoroastrianism likely played an influential role in the development of these universal faiths. ====References====

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