Changes

The Tanzimat reforms were carried out between 1830 and 1870 in the Ottoman Empire. They were a wide -ranging series of educational, political and economic reforms. They were an attempt at modernisation modernization to stop the decline of Ottoman power. The process of modernisation modernization involved adopting models and practices of western countries and societies , and it primarily motivated to compete for western powers and preserve their Empire. The modernization process in the Ottoman Empire was a way of ensuring that they did not become the subjects of the western powers.<ref>Inalcık, H. and Quataert, D. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521343151/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521343151&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=cc66c7ad16506b01ae1292a0e287e33a An Economic and Social History of The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 189.</ref> During the nineteenth century much of the world became subject to the western powers, especially Britain and France. The Tanzimat reforms were only partially successful and did not halt the Ottoman decline.

The modernization process in the Ottoman Empire was a way of ensuring that they did not become the subjects of the western powers.<ref>Inalcık, H. and Quataert, D. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521343151/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521343151&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=Decline cc66c7ad16506b01ae1292a0e287e33a An Economic and Social History of The Ottoman Empire==, 1300-1914]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 189.</ref> During the nineteenth century, much of the world became subject to the western powers, especially Britain and France. The Tanzimat reforms were only partially successful and did not halt the Ottoman decline.

Until the 18th century ==Why was the Ottoman Turks were at least as powerful as the great European powers. However, from the mid-1750s, Ottomans power declined and they could no compete militarily with Russian and the Hapsburg Empire.<ref>Qetvket Pamuk "Institutional Change and the Longevity of the Ottoman Empire, 1500–1800". ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', vol xxxv:2, Autumn, 2004, p.247.</ref> In successive conflicts the armies of the Sultan, once invincible, were consistently defeated and the Empire lost territory. Their Christian adversaries slowly dismembered the Empire and that survival of the empire was threatened.<ref>Parmuk, p. 235.</ref> Just as the Ottoman military power was marginalized, their archaic economic system was becoming less viable. Declining?==

The economic system that prevailed in Until the 18th century, the Empire in 1800 had transformed little since Ottoman Turks were at least as powerful as the fifteenth centurygreat European powers. The antiquated economy However, from the mid-1750s, Ottomans power declined, and they could not compete militarily with Russian and the European nations that were being transformed by the industrial revolutionHapsburg Empire. <ref>Inalcık, H. Qetvket Pamuk "Institutional Change and Quataertthe Longevity of the Ottoman Empire, D1500–1800". ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521343151/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521343151&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=cc66c7ad16506b01ae1292a0e287e33a An Economic and Social Journal of Interdisciplinary History of The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914]''. (Cambridge, vol xxxv: Cambridge University Press2, 1994)Autumn, 2004, p. 189247.</ref> The leaders In successive conflicts, the armies of the Ottoman recognized that there needed to be economic revolution accompanied by extensive political Sultan, once invincible, were consistently defeated and legal reformsthe Empire lost territory. The Sultan Their Christian adversaries slowly dismembered the Empire and his advisors accepted that survival of the empire was threatened.<ref>Parmuk, p. 235.</ref> Just as the Ottoman Empire had to modernize in order to survivemilitary power was marginalized, their archaic economic system was becoming less viable.

==Political and Legal Changes== [[File:Thomas_allom,_c1840,_The_Enterance_to_Divan.png|thumbnail|Entrance to The economic system that prevailed in the Divan Istanbul Empire in 1800 had transformed little since the nineteenth fifteenth century by Thomas Allom]]. The Tanzimat reforms focused heavily on reforming antiquated economy could not compete with the Ottoman education system. Ottoman education had been dominated European nations that were being transformed by the Islamic Clerics, but the reforms reduced their influenceindustrial revolution.<ref>Incalek Inalcık, H. and QuatertQuataert, pD. ''[https://www. 103amazon.<com/gp/product/0521343151/ref> =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521343151&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=cc66c7ad16506b01ae1292a0e287e33a An Economic and Social History of The Ottoman government created schools and universities based on the western European model. This was designed to allow the Ottomans have the skills to run the economy and society in a modern way and to develop the technology they needed to develop modern armies and the economy need to sustain such forces. The Tanzimat reforms also provided political changes that were designed to improve the status of the nonEmpire, 1300- Muslim population. They were granted equal status before the law with Muslims, for the first time.<ref>Salesman "Celenk Secularization Process in the History of Turkish Education". ''Journal Social Science1914]''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vol 19(21994): 2009, p. 101189.</ref> The leaders of the Ottoman recognized that there needed to be an economic revolution accompanied by extensive political and legal reforms. The Sultan and his advisors accepted that the Ottoman Empire had to modernize to survive.

These reforms sought ==What were the Tanzimat Reforms?== [[File:Thomas_allom,_c1840,_The_Enterance_to_Divan.png|thumbnail|left|250px|Entrance to secure the allegiance of the diverse ethnic and religious groups of Divan Istanbul in the Empire. nineteenth century by Thomas Allom]]The Tanzimat reforms also attempted to restrict focused heavily on reforming the power of the Sultan and to ensure the rule of law throughout the land. There were even attempts to start a multi-party Ottoman education system. The Ottomans sought to emulate Islamic Clerics had dominated Ottoman education, but the more advanced western models to enable reforms reduced their society to modernizeinfluence.<ref>Incalek and Quartet, p. 103. </ref> The Ottoman government began created schools and universities based on the western European model. This was designed to centralize authority into its own hands allow the Ottomans to run the economy and society in order a modern way and develop the technology they needed to ensure that develop modern armies and the economy need to sustain such forces. The Tanzimat reforms succeeded despite also provided political changes that were designed to improve the opposition status of Islamic religious leaders and the majority non-Muslim population. They were granted equal status before the law with Muslims for the first time.<ref>Attila Ayetkin, Salesman "Peasant Protest Celenk Secularization Process in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat ReformsHistory of Turkish Education." ''International Review of Journal Social History Science''. , Vol 57vol 19(2): 2009, August 2012, pp 191-227p. 101</ref>

==Economic Reforms==The Ottoman Empire’s economy was influenced by Muslim economic theories. These favoured state intervention, protectionism and frowned upon reforms sought to secure the profit motive. The Ottoman reformers realized they had to liberalize allegiance of the economy if they wanted to generate sufficient capital to contend with diverse ethnic and religious groups of the European nationsEmpire. The Tanzimat reforms also attempted to introduce a series of economic restrict the Sultan's power and financial reforms, including ensure the abolition rule of guilds, free trade, law throughout the right land. There were even attempts to private property and start a new tax multi-party system. New banks were established, The Ottomans sought to emulate the more advanced western models to enable their society to modernize. The Ottoman government began to centralize authority into its own hands to ensure that the Tanzimat reforms succeeded despite the Islamic religious elite denouncing interest payments as Riba or usury since it was contrary to leaders and the Koranmajority Muslim population. The Sultan <ref>Attila Ayetkin, "Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and his government also moved towards the lifting Tanzimat Reforms" ''International Review of barriers on trade and abandoned protectionismSocial History''. Vol 57, August 2012, pp 191-227</ref>

The Ottoman government in order to implement their secular projects as part of ==What were the Economic Changes made under the Tanzimat Reforms, established courts that oversaw economic regulation. The Napoleonic Trade Laws were adopted from the 1850s.<ref>Hanioglu, M. Sukru. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691146179/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691146179&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0f59e5dcf94fb5c39ee9efb78a011bf7 A Brief History of Muslim economic theories influenced the Late Ottoman Empire]'' (Princetons economy. These favored state intervention, Princeton University Press, 2008), pprotectionism and frowned upon the profit motive. 141. </ref> The Islamic courts still issues decrees on Sharia Law, both in urban and tribal areas, but increasingly Ottoman reformers realized they were unable had to arbitrate in liberalize the areas of economic regulation. These changes were all designed economy if they wanted to generate sufficient capital to develop contend with the Ottoman EconomyEuropean nations. The changes made were all based on the western model. This was partly because the Ottoman Caliph sought Tanzimat reforms attempted to replicate introduce a series of economic and financial reforms, including the policies abolition of guilds, free trade, the western governments right to become private property, and a new tax system. Despite the Islamic religious elite denouncing interest payments as powerful as they had in recent decades.<ref>Jason GoodwinRiba or usury, ''[https://wwwnew banks were established since it was contrary to the Koran.amazon.com/gp/product/0312420668/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312420668&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=dce09584fbe6824c3500d532ee9fd797 Lords of The Sultan and his government also moved towards the Horizons: A History lifting of the Ottoman Empire]''. (Penguin Books, Hamondsworth,2003, p. 189barriers on trade and abandoned protectionism.</ref>

To implement their secular projects as part of the Tanzimat Reforms, the Ottoman government established courts that oversaw economic regulation. The Napoleonic Trade Laws were adopted from the 1850s.<ref>Hanioglu, M. Sukru. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691146179/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=Impact 0691146179&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0f59e5dcf94fb5c39ee9efb78a011bf7 A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire]'' (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 141. </ref> The Islamic courts still issue decrees on Sharia Law, both in urban and tribal areas, but increasingly they were unable to arbitrate in the areas of economic regulation. These changes were all designed to develop the Ottoman Economy.  The changes made were all based on the western model. This shift was partly because the Ottoman Caliph sought to replicate the Western governments' policies to become as powerful as they had in recent decades.<ref>Jason Goodwin, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312420668/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312420668&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=dce09584fbe6824c3500d532ee9fd797 Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire]''. (Penguin Books, Hamondsworth,2003, p. 189.</ref> ==Did the TanzimatReforms Fail?==The reforms had a real but limited impact on the Ottoman Empire. The education system was completely secularized. A new secular elite was created through the this new education process in the new schools. The economic reforms did change the nature of the Ottoman Economy and ended the religious regulation of the economy. The economic changes also brought a measure of prosperity to the populationits citizens. This result was mainly because as due to the increase in trade between the Turks and Europe. Because the Turks traded more with Europeans , they now had access to new technologies and this which helped to modernize the economy. Many While some Turks benefitted from the reforms, the impact of the inhabitants lives in reforms was fairly shallow. Still, many Ottomans did not reap any tangible rewards from the Empire were not really changed Tanzimat reforms.  It should be noted that while Banks were established and modern economic practices were introduced the majority for the population were not impacted upon. The rights of individual citizens were technically improved , but in reality , the Sultan still had almost unlimited power over his subjects. Furthermore, the Sultan remained the absolute rule of the Empire. The reforms had changed the Empire , but it had failed to modernize the realm. The Ottomans still had failed to modernize not modernized their country , and they remained behind their European neighboursneighbors. Instead, to whom they continued to lose territory, in the Balkansto their European neighbors.

The Ottoman Government government was forced to adopt economic reforms in order to ensure that it had the sufficient resources to compete with the western powers. They adopted modernizing and secularizing policies in order to transform the economy. The reforms were radical and contrary to the Muslim ethos of the Empire and the Islamic scholars. The Ottoman Government government was able to impose its will on an often reluctant population, as it bid to make the changes necessary to ensure the survival of the Empire. The reform projects were only partially successfully successful as they failed to modernize the realm and ensure its survival beyond World War I.  

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