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As gardens developed with improved water technologies by the early 1st millennium BCE, more elaborate fountains and gardens were createdGods, such as at Nineveh in northern Iraq. Aqueducts Ea, were now introduced and later Greeks began adopting this technology. Howeverassociated with water, what differed from Mesopotamia is that rather than using thus fountains as royal or religious architecture specifically, fountains began were made to have a more civic meaningrepresent water flowing out from the god. For instanceIn the palace of Mari, at Athens, the sixth century from around 1800 BCE ruler Peisistratos built <i>Enneacrounos</i>, which became a symbol for the city. The name for this fountain means nine spouts, suggesting a large fountain with nine spouts. Its place in the agora of Athens suggest it was intended to be a public feature, although to this day the feature goddess has not been found. Most likelyand, in many ways, the fountain utilized a nearby natural spring similar to feed itmuch later fountains, thus it may have also had where she holds a practical purpose in providing vase that then has water flowing out, perhaps suggesting how the goddess provides life giving water for Athenians(Figure 1). ThusAncient Egypt had likely similar fountains, while although relatively little has been depicted of ancient fountains there.<ref>For more on ancient fountains became adorned as public symbols in the Middle East, see: Gates, C. (2011) <i>Ancient cities: the archaeology of citiesurban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, they also served as potentially practically useful water springsand Rome</i>. 2nd ed. The Athenian fountainAbingdon, Oxon ; New York, along with those from Mesopotamia and othersRoutledge, likely used gravity flow and pressure to have water come outpg. It is not clear if water coming out ws always recycled or how this would have been done65.</ref>
In ancient RomeAs gardens developed with improved water technologies by the early 1st millennium BCE, evidence from Pompeii more elaborate fountains and Rome itself indicate that houses gardens were created, such as at Nineveh in northern Iraq. Aqueducts were now introduced and a variety of public fountains were provided by an elaborate water network later Greeks began adopting this technology. However, what differed from Mesopotamia is that brought water into the cities rather than using aqueductsfountains as royal or religious architecture specifically, including wealthy homes that often had private fountainsbegan to have a more civic meaning. Fountains provided drinking water as well as decoration For instance, at Athens, the sixth century BCE ruler Peisistratos built <i>Enneacrounos</i>, which became a symbol for the city and wealth alike. There were at least 39 monumental fountains in RomeThe name for this fountain means nine spouts, which were fed by the city's suggesting a large fountain with nine aqueductsspouts. Water pumps powered by wind were now utilized in many cities Its place in the Mediterraneanagora of Athens suggest it was intended to be a public feature, including Alexandria and Romealthough to this day the feature has not been found.
[[FileMost likely, the fountain utilized a nearby natural spring to feed it, thus it may have also had a practical purpose in providing water for Athenians. Thus, while fountains became adorned as public symbols of cities, they also served as potentially practically useful water springs. The Athenian fountain, along with those from Mesopotamia and others, likely used gravity flow and even pressurized water through narrow pipes. It is not clear if water coming out was always recycled or how this would have been done in early fountains. Water pumps powered by wind were utilized in cities in the Mediterranean by the Classical period, including Alexandria, Rome, and cities in Greece. <ref>For more on how Greek and classical fountains developed, see:Deesse au vase Margaret Melanie Miles (Maried.)(2016) <i>A companion to Greek architecture</i>.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 1Blackwell companions to the ancient world. One of the oldest fountain features to have preserved is from MariChichester, West Sussex, Wiley Blackwell, Syriapg. 13.]]</ref>
==Medieval In ancient Rome, evidence from Pompeii and Rome itself indicate that houses and Renaissance Developments==The tradition a variety of public fountains in the Middle East never went away after the arrival of Islam in were provided by an elaborate water network that brought water into the early Medieval period. In factcities using aqueducts, gardens and including wealthy homes that often had private fountains became more elaborate. Fountains became part of what conceptually represented paradise provided drinking water as well as decoration for the city. There were at least 39 monumental fountains in Islam. This is similar to the ancient Persian conceptRome, where the word paradise derives from gardens. Pumps now which were utilized, including wind-powered pumps similar to those developed fed by Greek engineers in the Classical periodcity's nine aqueducts. Underground channels Fountains now became symbols of patronage and pipes helped to pressurize as ways politicians and distribute water within enclosed areas, while pumps helped wealthy individuals to circulate water around gardens. Fountains now also became designed so that water would come out forming different shapes. Siphoned watergain support, where the world siphon derives from a Persian word, appear to have been developed to allow as they brought water to come out similar to natural springs. Fountains were designed as part of the irrigation network for gardens, where water would be brought out of fountains drinking and distributed to a variety often provided for poorer areas of trees and plants growing cities as well as the public in palatial gardensgeneral. Ritual washing has for thousands of years been associated with religious activity<ref>For more on Roman fountains, see: Longfellow, B. by the Islamic period(2011) <i>Roman imperialism and civic patronage: form, howevermeaning, fountains now were placed and ideology in public areas so that worshipers could use them to wash before performing their prayersmonumental fountain complexes</i>. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press.</ref>
By ===Medieval and Renaissance Developments===[[File:5487278337 195b335491 b.jpg|thumbnail|360px|left|Figure 2. The Trevi Fountain is perhaps among the most famous fountains, which was built in the 15th 18th century .]]The tradition of fountains in the Middle East never went away after the arrival of Islam in Europethe early Medieval period. In fact, classical revival helped instigate interest in gardens and fountains, particularly became more elaborate. Fountains became part of what conceptually represented paradise in RomeIslam. Public fountains were recreated, often stylized This is similar to Roman fountainsthe ancient Persian concept, while pleasure where the word paradise derives from gardens . Pumps now were createdutilized, often inspired including wind-powered pumps similar to those developed by Roman gardens. The Medici family used fountains in Florence as symbols of their power and civic pride, where they commissioned the Fountain of Neptune Greek engineers in 1565 that symbolized the family's powerClassical period. It was the city's first public fountain Underground channels and pipes helped to pressurize and gave it the first continually running distribute water supplywithin enclosed areas, whereas it had previously depended on cisterns or wells for its while pumps helped to circulate wateraround gardens. Both in Europe and Middle EastFountains now also became designed so that water would come out forming different shapes, fountains were seen as ways for wealthy patrons or rulers as ways in which they can provide their cities with drinking including geometric designs. Siphoned water. Fountains, for many urban neighborhoodswhere the world siphon derives from a Persian word, became the chief appear to have been developed to allow water supply while also helping these wealthy or powerful patrons to be seen in more positive lightcome out similar to natural springs.
In Catholic Europe, Fountains were designed as part of the Pope also became a benefactor irrigation network for public fountains. The most famous is the Trevi Fountain in Romegardens, where three popes contributed water would be brought out of fountains and distributed to its construction until it was completed a variety of trees and plants growing in 1762palatial gardens. During Ritual washing has for thousands of years been associated with religious activity. By the 17th and 18th centuriesIslamic period, fountains became more elaboratehowever, where cascading features and sunken fountains helped now were placed in public areas so that worshipers could not easily utilize gravity for fountain water pressure use them to also benefit from wash before entering sacred areas of mosques and performing their prayers.<ref>For more on Medieval Islamic fountains, see: Lindsay, J. It was E. (2008) <i>Daily life in the Trevi Fountain and fountains developed in this period that utilized sculptures and waterfall effects that influenced even modern designsmedieval Islamic world</i>. The Greenwood Press ‘Daily life through history’ series. In the case of Trevi fountainIndianapolis, the waterflow is of low pressureIN, but by making the feature look like a series of waterfallsHackett Pub. Co, this gives a dramatic effect without water needing to be spouted high in the air (Figure 2)pg. 125.</ref>
[[File:5487278337 195b335491 b.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2. The Trevi Fountain is perhaps among the most famous mountains, which was built in the 18th century.]]<dh-ad/>
==Modern Changes==By the late 19th and 20th centuries15th century in Europe, classical revival helped instigate interest in fountains lost their function as primary drinking water supplies , particularly in many citiesRome. Public fountains were recreated, often stylized similar to Roman fountains, while pleasure gardens were created, often inspired by Roman gardens. They largely became decorative and purely The Medici family used fountains in Florence as symbols of their power and civic pride. New innovations , where they commissioned the Fountain of Neptune in 1565 that symbolized the 19th centuries included illuminating fountains using electricity, while steam pumps provided a more reliable energy supply to move waterfamily's power. In fact, it It was the steam pump in 1845 used in Trafalgar Square that introduced mechanical pumps as part of city's first public fountain design. By and gave it the mid-19th centuryfirst continually running water supply,cast iron whereas it had previously depended on cisterns or wells for its water. Both in Europe and aluminum Middle East, fountains were now used in fountains, seen as ways for wealthy patrons or rulers to provide their cities with glass also being introduced as part of decorative elementsdrinking water. Fountains began , for many urban neighborhoods, became the chief water supply while also helping these wealthy or powerful patrons to be seen in more positive light, similar to have different how they were used in Classical Rome for their symbolic value as well. In <ref>For more on the United Statesrevival of fountains in the late Medieval and enaissance Europe, see: Dandelet, the Buckingham Fountain T.J. (2014) <i>The renaissance of empire in Grant Parkearly modern Europe</i>. New York NY, ChicagoCambridge University Press, new electric pumps were now used that gave the fountain a powerful way to shoot water and be controlled to distribute and push water out, giving the fountain new visual effectspg. 52. </ref>
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[[File:Deesse au vase (Mari).jpg|thumbnail|left|Figure 1. One of the oldest fountain features to have preserved is from Mari, Syria.]]
We commonly see fountains in public parks or even palaces and government institutions. While fountains are often largely decorative, they have important symbolic values, such as the city of Rome and its Trevi Fountain. Since their inception, fountains have awed us as a way humans have controlled an important element of life, that being water. Today, this symbolism has not changed very much from its ancient roots.
===Early Developments===Perhaps the earliest fountains date to the beginnings of urbanism, around 3000 BCE, and where they were used as early palace and garden decoration, often as well as bringing water into these buildings. Often, fountains were associated with sacred, religious areas where gardens had important religious meaningand water played an important role in ritual. Fountains were developed first discovered in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, where a series of basins were utilized in the ancient city of Lagash that likely tapped water from irrigation networks and canals nearby. Gods, such as Ea, were associated with water, thus fountains were made to represent water flowing out from the god. In the palace of Mari, from around 1800 BCE, a fountain of a goddess has been found and, in many ways, similar to much later fountains, where she holds a vase that then has water flowing out (Figure 1). Ancient Egypt may have had similar fountains, although relatively little has been depicted of ancient fountains there.
In factCatholic Europe, Chicago has continued the Pope also became a benefactor for public fountains. The most famous is the Trevi Fountain in Rome, where three popes contributed to innovate its construction until it was completed in 1762. During the modern fountain17th and 18th centuries, fountains became more elaborate, where new digital cascading features and sunken fountains helped areas that could not easily utilize gravity for fountain water pressure to also benefit from fountains. This was also the beginning of using fountains were introduced to Millennium Park, next play out famous classical scenes such as Neptune using his trident to Grant Park, create a new water source. It was the Trevi Fountain and fountains developed in this period that use LED display providing digital images utilized sculptures and spouting water featureswaterfall effects that influenced even modern designs. Musical fountainsIn the case of Trevi fountain, the waterflow is of low pressure, but by making the feature look like a series of waterfalls, likely innovated this gives a dramatic effect without water needing to be spouted high in the Classical air (Figure 2).<ref>For more on Baroque Periodfountains, see: Rinne, also became more popularK.W. (2010) <i>The Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas is among waters of Rome: aqueducts, fountains, and the birth of the most well knowBaroque city</i>. 1st ed. New Haven, where water timing and display is set to a musical scoreYale University Press.</ref>
==Summary=Modern Changes===Fountains haveBy the late 19th and 20th centuries, even from fountains lost their inception, been decorative and provided a relaxing and even spiritual connection to placesfunction as primary drinking water supplies in many cities. They largely became decorative and purely as symbols of civic pride as well . New innovations in ancient Greecethe 19th centuries included illuminating fountains using electricity, while steam pumps provided a more reliable energy supply to move water. HoweverIn fact, they were also important water sources for cities or major buildings such it was the steam pump in 1845 used in Trafalgar Square that introduced mechanical pumps as palacespart of fountain design. Over By the centuriesmid-19th century, they have become more elaboratecast iron and aluminum were now used in fountains, even while largely loosing their function with glass also being introduced as sources part of drinking waterdecorative or even structural elements. Nevertheless, they Fountains began to have largely retained their different symbolic value for placesas well, where they were used in particular cities such great public parks as city symbols. In the United States, the Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park, Chicago, Romenew electric pumps were now used that gave the fountain a powerful way to shoot water in the air and be controlled to distribute and push water out, Paris giving the fountain new visual effects.<ref>For on 19th and others today20th centuries and their development of fountains, see: Juuti, P., Antoniou, G., Dragoni, W., El-Gohary, F., et al. (2015) Short Global History of Fountains. <i>Water</i>. [Online] 7 (5), 2314–2348.</ref>
In fact, Chicago has continued to innovate the modern fountain, where new digital fountains were introduced to Millennium Park, next to Grant Park, that use LED display providing digital images and spouting water features. Musical fountains, likely innovated in the Classical Period, also became more popular. The Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas is among the most well know, where water timing and display is set to a musical score.<ref>For more on technologies in modern parks, fountains, and public spaces, see: Miles Orvell, Klaus Benesch, & Dolores Hayden (eds.) (2014) <i>Rethinking the American city: an international dialogue. Architecture, technology, culture</i>. 1st ed. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.</ref> ===Summary===Fountains have, even from their inception, been decorative and provided a relaxing and even spiritual connection to places. They became symbols of civic pride as well in ancient Greece. However, they were also important water sources for cities or major buildings such as palaces. Over the centuries, they have become more elaborate, even while largely loosing their function as sources of drinking water. They are now often associated with large public spaces, such as parks or squares, where in particular cities such as Chicago, Rome, London, Paris and others today prominently display these features. {{Mediawiki:Cell}}<div class="portal" style="width:85%;">==Related DailyHistory.org Articles==*[[What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thought?]]*[[Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist]]*[[Why was Alexander the Great So Successful In His Conquests?]]*[[What Factors Led to the Creation of the First Cities?]]*[[Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam Haselby]]</div>[[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Ancient History]] [[Category:History of Science and Technology]] [[Category:Archeology]]===References===<references/>{{Contributors}}
