https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&feed=atom&action=historyWhy did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI - Revision history2024-03-29T06:45:26ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.30.0https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=23925&oldid=prevAdmin: Admin moved page Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI? to Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI2021-09-23T01:26:31Z<p>Admin moved page <a href="/Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI?">Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI?</a> to <a href="/Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI" title="Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI">Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWI</a></p>
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</td></tr></table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=23924&oldid=prevAdmin at 01:26, 23 September 20212021-09-23T01:26:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Then there was the western allies' continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars, and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Then there was the western allies' continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars, and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">b</del>====Conclusion====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large-scale landings because of the terrain's nature. The entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large-scale landings because of the terrain's nature. The entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.  </div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=23923&oldid=prevAdmin at 01:26, 23 September 20212021-09-23T01:26:06Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeAPkEl8hHg</youtube></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:British_Troops_on_V_beach.JPG|thumbnail|left|300px|British Troops Ashore on "V Beach" at Camp Helles]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:British_Troops_on_V_beach.JPG|thumbnail|left|300px|British Troops Ashore on "V Beach" at Camp Helles]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>b====Conclusion====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>b====Conclusion====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large scale landings because of the terrain's nature. The entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>scale landings because of the terrain's nature. The entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There was also a complete failure to recognize that the Turks would fiercely fight because they were protecting their homeland. This is symbolized by the excellent leadership displayed by the future Ataturk at Sulva Bay and elsewhere. The German commander at Gallipoli also devised a smart strategy, but the allies' failings much helped him.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There was also a complete failure to recognize that the Turks would fiercely fight because they were protecting their homeland. This is symbolized by the excellent leadership displayed by the future Ataturk at Sulva Bay and elsewhere. The German commander at Gallipoli also devised a smart strategy, but the allies' failings much helped him.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeAPkEl8hHg</youtube></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=21432&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:04, 23 November 20202020-11-23T18:04:30Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Origins of the World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Origins of the World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[What were the goals of the Axis powers and the Soviet Union during World War Two?]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[What were the goals of the Axis powers and the Soviet Union during World War Two?]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">How Did the German Military Develop </del>Blitzkrieg<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">?</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">What was </ins>Blitzkrieg <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and Who Created it</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Causes of World War II Top Ten Booklist]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Causes of World War II Top Ten Booklist]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[How did Winston Churchill become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War Two?]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[How did Winston Churchill become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War Two?]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=21431&oldid=prevAdmin at 18:03, 23 November 20202020-11-23T18:03:58Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=21431&oldid=20013">Show changes</a>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=20013&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:26, 9 March 20202020-03-09T17:26:06Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:26, 9 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l51" >Line 51:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Then there was the western allies' continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars, and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Then there was the western allies' continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars, and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">b</ins>====Conclusion====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Ottoman Machine gun]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To compound this, the </del>Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>was not suitable<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>for large scale landings because of the nature of the terrain. Then the entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Then there </del>was a complete failure to recognize that the Turks would fight <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fiercely </del>because they were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fighting for </del>their homeland<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, this </del>is symbolized by the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">great </del>leadership displayed by the future Ataturk at Sulva Bay and elsewhere. The German commander at Gallipoli also devised a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clever </del>strategy but <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">he was greatly helped by </del>the failings of the allies.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large scale landings because of the nature of the terrain. Then the entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also </ins>a complete failure to recognize that the Turks would <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fiercely </ins>fight because they were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protecting </ins>their homeland<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. This </ins>is symbolized by the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">excellent </ins>leadership displayed by the future Ataturk at Sulva Bay and elsewhere. The German commander at Gallipoli also devised a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smart </ins>strategy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>but the failings of the allies <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">much helped him</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div class="portal" style="width:85%;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div class="portal" style="width:85%;"></div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=20012&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:23, 9 March 20202020-03-09T17:23:49Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<tr style="vertical-align: top;" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:23, 9 March 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Reasons for Failure====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Reasons for Failure====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Allies were stunned by the failure of the Gallipoli operation. It led to the resignation of Winston Churchill and almost the end of his political career. The campaign was poorly planned and even under-resourced. The commander at Gallipoli, Hamilton, had only five divisions and they had had very little time to train together and this led to a dangerous degree of confusion. These problems reduced the likelihood of success at Gallipoli.<ref> Keegan, p. 215</ref> It is normally believed that an attack force had to have a clear superiority in numbers and this was not the case at Gallipoli. Then there was the issue of geography and terrain. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The terrain was such that it slowed down the landings and the Allies subsequent attempts to advance inland. This is indicated in the observations of many Australian officers who frequently ‘complained about the choice of the battlefield.’<ref> Bean, Charles. "The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign, May 4, 1915." <i>Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 I</i> (11th ed.) (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1941), p. 67, 89</ref> There were also severe logistical problems and they were not resolved until much later in the campaign, with the recruitment of porters and workmen from Malta and Egypt.  </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Allies were stunned by the failure of the Gallipoli operation. It led to the resignation of Winston Churchill and almost the end of his political career. The campaign was poorly planned and even under-resourced. The commander at Gallipoli, Hamilton, had only five divisions<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and they had had very little time to train together<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and this led to a dangerous degree of confusion. These problems reduced the likelihood of success at Gallipoli.<ref> Keegan, p. 215</ref> It is normally believed that an attack force had to have a clear superiority in numbers<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and this was not the case at Gallipoli. Then there was the issue of geography and terrain.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Allies had failed to anticipate that the Turks would be able to fire on them when they were landing and this meant that they did not seize their objectives early on during the campaign. Then there was the strategy adopted by Sanders, he refused to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adopt </del>a rigid system of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defence </del>and instead stressed mobility. He split his forces into three groups <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in order </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quickly </del>respond to any landing.  Sanders then recommended that the Turkish forces built <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defences </del>on the heights surrounding the allied beachheads and this meant that the allies could not break advance inland. However, if the German had listened to Colonel Kemal<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>(later Ataturk) who commanded the 19th Division, the allies could have been decimated. The future founder of Modern Turkey had predicted the exact areas where the allies would land.  Another factor in the failure of the Allies at Gallipoli was a lack of good intelligence. More than one Allied commander complained that they were unsure of what the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">‘situation </del>was on the ground.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">’</del><ref> Bean, p. 119</ref>  The allies did have one chance to grasp some advantage from the Gallipoli landings and that was at Sulva Bay, if the Generals had been more aggressive, they could have altered the battle in their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">favour</del>. Then there <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were </del>the western allies continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915" <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The terrain was such that it slowed down the landings and the Allies' subsequent attempts to advance inland. This problem is indicated in the observations of many Australian officers who frequently 'complained about the choice of the battlefield.' <ref> Bean, Charles. "The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign, May 4, 1915." <i>Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 I</i> (11th ed.) (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1941), p. 67, 89</ref> There were also severe logistical problems and them were not resolved until much later in the campaign, with the recruitment of porters and workers from Malta and Egypt.  </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Allies had failed to anticipate that the Turks would be able to fire on them when they were landing<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and this meant that they did not seize their objectives early on during the campaign. Then there was the strategy adopted by Sanders, he refused to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">take </ins>a rigid system of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defense </ins>and instead stressed mobility. He split his forces into three groups to respond to any landing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quickly</ins>.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sanders then recommended that the Turkish forces built <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defenses </ins>on the heights surrounding the allied beachheads<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and this meant that the allies could not break advance inland. However, if the German had listened to Colonel Kemal (later Ataturk) who commanded the 19th Division, the allies could have been decimated. The future founder of Modern Turkey had predicted the exact areas where the allies would land.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another factor in the failure of the Allies at Gallipoli was a lack of good intelligence. More than one Allied commander complained that they were unsure of what the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'situation </ins>was on the ground.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">' </ins><ref> Bean, p. 119</ref>  The allies did have one chance to grasp some advantage from the Gallipoli landings<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and that was at Sulva Bay, if the Generals had been more aggressive, they could have altered the battle in their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">favor</ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Then there <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </ins>the western allies<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">' </ins>continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies. A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks.<ref> Erickson, Edward "Strength Against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>" <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 65: 981–1012</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Conclusion====</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=20011&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:21, 9 March 20202020-03-09T17:21:36Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr style="vertical-align: top;" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:21, 9 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l34" >Line 34:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Outcome of the Campaign====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Outcome of the Campaign====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:British_troops_preparing_to_evacuate_from_W_Beach_Gallipoli_01-1916_AWM_H10391.jpeg|left|thumbnail|325px|British Troops evacuating from W Beach Gallipoli]]  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:British_troops_preparing_to_evacuate_from_W_Beach_Gallipoli_01-1916_AWM_H10391.jpeg|left|thumbnail|325px|British Troops evacuating from W Beach Gallipoli]]  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the months wore on and as Allied casualties steadily mounted in the Gallipoli Campaign, Churchill, and Hamilton, asked the British High Command to ask for up 100,000 men. The Secretary of War could only afford some 25,0000 men. Hamilton and Churchill wanted to continue the fight. However, as the operation had become a stalemate, the British government decided to end the operation. Hamilton was opposed to any evacuation as it could lead to massive casualties. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He was replaced by </del>Sir Charles Monroe, and he began plans for an evacuation.<ref> Strachan, Hew. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0198208774/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0198208774&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=aa403e6997f9a99edcf2e573196c7133 The First World War: Volume 1: To Arms] </i>. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 113</ref>  He oversaw the evacuation of over 100,000 troops.  The evacuation took place between December and January 1915-1916. The withdrawal was carried out in an orderly fashion with only limited casualties.  Exact figures are unknown but it seems that some 46,000 allied troops died and almost 180,000 were wounded out of a total force of just under half-a-million men during the campaign. The Turks suffered rather more casualties with some 65,000 killed and 200,000 wounded.<ref> Strachan, p. 113</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the months wore on and as Allied casualties steadily mounted in the Gallipoli Campaign, Churchill, and Hamilton, asked the British High Command to ask for up 100,000 men. The Secretary of War could only afford some 25,0000 men. Hamilton and Churchill wanted to continue the fight. However, as the operation had become a stalemate, the British government decided to end the operation. Hamilton was opposed to any evacuation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>as it could lead to massive casualties. Sir Charles Monroe <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">replaced him</ins>, and he began plans for an evacuation.<ref> Strachan, Hew. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0198208774/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0198208774&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=aa403e6997f9a99edcf2e573196c7133 The First World War: Volume 1: To Arms] </i>. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 113</ref>  He oversaw the evacuation of over 100,000 troops.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evacuation took place between December and January 1915-1916. The withdrawal was carried out in an orderly fashion with only limited casualties.  Exact figures are unknown<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>but it seems that some 46,000 allied troops died<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and almost 180,000 were wounded out of a total force of just under half-a-million men during the campaign. The Turks suffered rather more casualties with some 65,000 killed and 200,000 wounded.<ref> Strachan, p. 113</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Reasons for Failure====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Reasons for Failure====</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=20010&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:20, 9 March 20202020-03-09T17:20:53Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:20, 9 March 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Gallipoli Landings====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Gallipoli Landings====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  [[File: Gallipoli 2.jpg|thumbnail|290px|left|Allied gun at Gallipoli]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  [[File: Gallipoli 2.jpg|thumbnail|290px|left|Allied gun at Gallipoli]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The campaign began with a failed naval attack by British and French ships on the Dardanelles Straits in February-March 1915. Bad luck meant that the Allied expedition <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was discovered by the Turks</del>. They mined the Dardanelles as the allies approached and they destroyed several vessels. The Turks alerted by the naval attack began to pour reinforcements into the area. In the wake of the failed naval attack, preparations began for large-scale troop landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The British War Secretary Lord Kitchener appointed General Ian Hamilton as commander of British forces for the operation. Hamilton had under his command, a very diverse army, he had soldiers and marines, from Australia, New Zealand, and the French colonies along with British Regiments.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The campaign began with a failed naval attack by British and French ships on the Dardanelles Straits in February-March 1915. Bad luck meant that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the Turks discovered </ins>the Allied expedition. They mined the Dardanelles as the allies approached<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and they destroyed several vessels. The Turks alerted by the naval attack began to pour reinforcements into the area. In the wake of the failed naval attack, preparations began for large-scale troop landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The British War Secretary Lord Kitchener appointed General Ian Hamilton as commander of British forces for the operation. Hamilton had under his command, a very diverse army, he had soldiers and marines, from Australia, New Zealand, and the French colonies along with British Regiments.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The allies assembled for the invasion on the Greek island of Lemnos.  The Turks boosted their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defences </del>in the Straits. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defence of the Dardanelles was conducted by the </del>German general Liman von Sanders. He predicted that the allies would launch an amphibious operation and he placed the troops at the points in the Dardanelles Strait.  He advised the Ottoman High Command to station Ottoman troops along the shores of the Straits, one <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point </del>he selected was the Gallipoli peninsula.<ref> Laffin, John. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/085045350X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=085045350X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=03061de0137c0c27fe7dc75bee6b805e Damn the Dardanelles! The Story of Gallipoli]</i>(London, Osprey, 1980), p. 68</ref> This was to prove correct and it was this narrow strip of land jutting into the sea was the allies prime objective.<ref> Haythornthwaite, p. 145</ref> On the 25th of April, 1915, the Allies landed their forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Despite suffering heavy casualties, they managed to establish two beachheads. The first was at Helles on the southern of the Peninsula. The other beachhead was at Gaba Tepe that faced the Aegean Sea.  Many Anzacs landed here, so many that it came to be called Anzac Cove. The Turks proved to be stubborn fighters and fought for every inch of the Peninsula.<ref> Laffin, p. 121</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The allies assembled for the invasion on the Greek island of Lemnos.  The Turks boosted their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defenses </ins>in the Straits. The German general Liman von Sanders <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conducted the defense of the Dardanelles</ins>. He predicted that the allies would launch an amphibious operation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and he placed the troops at the points in the Dardanelles Strait.  He advised the Ottoman High Command to station Ottoman troops along the shores of the Straits, one <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">location </ins>he selected was the Gallipoli peninsula.<ref> Laffin, John. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/085045350X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=085045350X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=03061de0137c0c27fe7dc75bee6b805e Damn the Dardanelles! The Story of Gallipoli]</i>(London, Osprey, 1980), p. 68</ref> This was to prove correct<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and it was this narrow strip of land jutting into the sea was the allies prime objective.<ref> Haythornthwaite, p. 145</ref> On the 25th of April, 1915, the Allies landed their forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Despite suffering heavy casualties, they managed to establish two beachheads. The first was at Helles on the southern of the Peninsula. The other beachhead was at Gaba Tepe that faced the Aegean Sea.  Many Anzacs landed here, so many that it came to be called Anzac Cove. The Turks proved to be stubborn fighters and fought for every inch of the Peninsula.<ref> Laffin, p. 121</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><dh-ad/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><dh-ad/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After establishing their beachhead, Allies made little progress.  The Turks sent troops from other fronts to join the battle. There was a bloody stalemate and thousands of men on both sides died. Both sides fought heroically and often fought to the death.<ref> Haythornthwaite, p. 119 </ref> The Allies made landed more troops on the 6th of August at Sulva Bay. This coincided with an attempt <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </del>the Anzacs to break out of their beachhead at Anzac Cove. The amphibious landings at Sulva Bay caught the Turks by surprise and the Allies met little or no opposition. However, the Allied commanders did not press home their advantage and they dug in<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>rather than advance and this allowed the Turks, under their commander Mustafa Kemal, to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reorganise </del>and counterattack. Sulva Bay was probably the best chance that the Allies had of defeating the Turks at Gallipoli.<ref> Keegan, p. 156</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After establishing their beachhead, Allies made little progress.  The Turks sent troops from other fronts to join the battle. There was a bloody stalemate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and thousands of men on both sides died. Both sides fought heroically and often fought to the death.<ref> Haythornthwaite, p. 119 </ref> The Allies made landed more troops on the 6th of August at Sulva Bay. This <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">attack </ins>coincided with an attempt <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by </ins>the Anzacs to break out of their beachhead at Anzac Cove.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The amphibious landings at Sulva Bay caught the Turks by surprise<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and the Allies met little or no opposition. However, the Allied commanders did not press home their advantage<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and they dug in rather than advance<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and this allowed the Turks, under their commander Mustafa Kemal, to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reorganize </ins>and counterattack. Sulva Bay was probably the best chance that the Allies had of defeating the Turks at Gallipoli.<ref> Keegan, p. 156</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Outcome of the Campaign====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Outcome of the Campaign====</div></td></tr>
</table>Adminhttps://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Why_did_the_Gallipoli_Landings_fail_in_WWI&diff=20009&oldid=prevAdmin at 17:18, 9 March 20202020-03-09T17:18:56Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:18, 9 March 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Strategy of the Allies====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Strategy of the Allies====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 1.jpg|thumbnail|270px|left|Turkish gun at Gallipoli]]The British and the French were appalled by the bloody battles on the western front. They wanted a way that would allow them to attack the Central Powers and in this way to provide some relief for the hard-pressed British and French troops in Flanders and Northern France. The British suggested that the allies use their naval superiority to inflict a decisive defeat on the Ottoman Empire. The idea of seizing the Dardanelles Straits was soon mooted after the Ottoman Turks joined the war on the side of the Central Powers.<ref>Moorehead, Alan <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060937084/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0060937084&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=02440c16d8f2be54bc721329c5f498e5 Gallipoli]</i> (Ware, Wordsworth, 1987), p. 56</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The British believed that their navy, by far the strongest in the world would be able to land a decisive blow against the Turks. The British navy argued that the allies land a large force of soldiers on the Straits. They would then be in a position to launch an attack on the Ottoman Capital of Constantinople. Another one of the objectives of the campaign were to secure a sea route to Russian and to protect its southern Black Sea flank.  It would also allow the western allies to supply the Russian army with badly needed arms and equipment. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: Gallipoli 1.jpg|thumbnail|270px|left|Turkish gun at Gallipoli]]The British and the French were appalled by the bloody battles on the western front. They wanted a way that would allow them to attack the Central Powers and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>in this way<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>to provide some relief for the hard-pressed British and French troops in Flanders and Northern France. The British suggested that the allies use their naval superiority to inflict a decisive defeat on the Ottoman Empire. The idea of seizing the Dardanelles Straits was soon mooted after the Ottoman Turks joined the war on the side of the Central Powers.<ref>Moorehead, Alan <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060937084/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0060937084&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=02440c16d8f2be54bc721329c5f498e5 Gallipoli]</i> (Ware, Wordsworth, 1987), p. 56</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British became convinced that any landing in the area of Constantinople, could lead to the Turks withdrawing from their alliance with the Central Powers.<ref> Moorehead, p. 67</ref> The Turkish Empire had arguably been in decline since the eighteenth century and many of the western powers believed that any attack on it would result in its final destruction. Winston Church who was Lord of the Admiralty had great expectations for the assault at Gallipoli<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>he believed that if the allies seized the Dardanelles that they could open up a new front in the Balkans and even force the Austro-Hungarians to sue for a separate peace and this would lead to the break-up of the Central Powers. <ref> Haythornthwaite, Philip, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1855321114/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1855321114&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=efbf357ed78cc421baef8ade480993a1 Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey]</i>. Campaign Series #8 (London: Osprey, 2004), p. 119</ref> The French agreed to the plan and they contributed a significant sized force to the attack. However, the operation at Gallipoli was a British Empire undertaking. Apart from sizeable British army units and naval forces, much of the invasion force was composed of units recruited from the Empire. Many of these came from Australia and New Zealand and they became known as the Anzacs.<ref> Moorehead, p. 78</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The British believed that their navy, by far the strongest in the world, would be able to land a decisive blow against the Turks. The British navy argued that the allies landed a large force of soldiers on the Straits. They would then be in a position to launch an attack on the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. Another one of the objectives of the campaign was to secure a sea route to Russian and to protect its southern Black Sea flank.  It would also allow the western allies to supply the Russian army with badly needed arms and equipment. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British became convinced that any landing in the area of Constantinople, could lead to the Turks withdrawing from their alliance with the Central Powers.<ref> Moorehead, p. 67</ref> The Turkish Empire had arguably been in decline since the eighteenth century<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and many of the western powers believed that any attack on it would result in its final destruction. Winston Church who was Lord of the Admiralty had great expectations for the assault at Gallipoli<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </ins>he believed that if the allies seized the Dardanelles that they could open up a new front in the Balkans and even force the Austro-Hungarians to sue for a separate peace and this would lead to the break-up of the Central Powers.<ref> Haythornthwaite, Philip, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1855321114/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1855321114&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=efbf357ed78cc421baef8ade480993a1 Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey]</i>. Campaign Series #8 (London: Osprey, 2004), p. 119</ref> The French agreed to the plan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and they contributed a significant sized force to the attack.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, the operation at Gallipoli was a British Empire undertaking. Apart from sizeable British army units and naval forces, much of the invasion force was composed of units recruited from the Empire. Many of these came from Australia and New Zealand<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and they became known as the Anzacs.<ref> Moorehead, p. 78</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Gallipoli Landings====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Gallipoli Landings====</div></td></tr>
</table>Admin