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The movement toward the abolition of the system of enslavement has been remembered as one of the great humanitarian initiatives in modern history[[File:AmINotAMan. Occurring as it did in jpg|left|thumbnail|250px|Am I Not a world that was rent by the slaveholding republics Man and empires of America and Western Europe, abolition was in some ways “anti-modern” in that in sprung from those intellectuals and moralists who denied that progress benefits us all if it comes at a human cost. Therein lies the paradox. How could a system so responsible for the modern world’s economic progress, like enslavement, be ended by those who enjoyed its benefitsBrother?(1837)]]__NOTOC__
There are a few factors to consider here. There first is a moral claim. If we are to take The movement toward the theorists of natural rights at their word, then it was clearly immoral to reduce human beings to chattel. Much of this claim was buttressed by an incipient radical Christianity that emerged within dissident factions abolition of the Protestant movement. Out system of those movements came many enslavement has been remembered as one of the first abolitionist organizations great humanitarian initiatives in modern history. The second factor has to do with political economy. Slaveholding Occurring as it did in a world that was rent by the slaveholding republics like the United States and slaveholding empires like those of Great Britain, FranceAmerica and Western Europe, abolition was in some ways “anti-modern” in that it sprung from those intellectuals and Spain, among others, faced moralists who denied that progress benefits us all if it comes at a dynamic economic situation at the beginning of the nineteenth centuryhuman cost. The economics of slavery—primitive accumulation—had begun to give way to what were Therein lies the beginnings of an industrialized economyparadox. While this did not occur in the same way or at the same time across the landscape of How could a system so responsible for the modern world—not just the Atlantic world—it is important to emphasize that things were moving to a critical juncture as the costs borne by maintaining systems of enslavement were not bearing the same world’s economic fruit. A third factor is the threat of violence. Enslaved Africans resisted their progress, like enslavement. As a result of that resistance, slaveholding empires fought costly wars to maintain control of these economies. This proved to be unsustainable in the long run, compromising the efficacy of a centuries-old system. Historians have offered differing versions of each of these three factors and continue to debate which of them was most consequential to the ultimate undoing of slavery. Here, we will take them up in turn.ended by those who enjoyed its benefits?
'''There are a few factors to consider here. There first is a moral claim. If we are to take the theorists of natural rights at their word, then it was immoral to reduce human beings to chattel. Much of this claim was buttressed by an incipient radical Christianity that emerged within dissident factions of the Protestant movement. Out of those movements came many of the first abolitionist organizations in history. The Moral Argument'''[[File:AmINotAMansecond factor has to do with political economy.jpg|thumbnail|Am I Not a Man Slaveholding republics like the United States and slaveholding empires like those of Great Britain, France, and Spain, among others, faced a Brother? (1837)]]dynamic economic situation at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
In the United States, the Quakers were the critical voice on the question of abolition. Influenced by Anthony Benezet, their argument was that slavery contradicted Christianity. Though predated by earlier organizations, the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 == What was the signal moment in modern American abolitionism. Founded by longtime activist William Lloyd Garrison, the American Anti-Moral Argument against Slavery society advanced both moral and political claims in their opposition to enslavement? ==[[File:Slaveshipposter. Their arguments spoke to the immorality and brutality jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Stowage of the British slave states as well as to ship Brookes under the need to elevate enslaved Africans from their degradation. Garrison famously employed and supported freed Africans like Frederick Douglass to advance these arguments. Perhaps most critically, the abolitionists in America strenuously debated the notion of whether or not the United States constitution was a pro-slavery document. In an important period where enslavement was growing precipitously in the South and where much of the political momentum swung towards expanding it, their readings of the Constitution helped abolitionists advance a range of arguments that challenged the very foundations of the American social order. Yet, their tactics remained in the realm of moral suasion. It is important to note, here, that at around the same time of the birth of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a cadre regulated slave trade act of Black abolitionists made their mark. Manisha Sinha labels them an extension of the Black radical tradition. Figures like David Walker, Martin Delany, and Henry Highland Garnet opposed slavery but they did not always hew to the moralist arguments of the white abolitionists. Vincent Harding asserts that while they debated the merits of the constitution, of emigration, and rebellion, they began to see the question less as a concern of the future of America and more of an identification with the prospects of Black freedom—regardless of what happens in and to America. They built an alternative convention movement that raised these concerns and supported various initiatives that were the harbingers of Pan Africanism and Black Nationalism.1788]]
[[File:SlaveshipposterThe evolution of the moral argument dates back to the long conversation around the question of human nature.jpg|thumbnail|Stowage What Sylvia Wynter and others frame as the “genre of the British slave ship Brookes under human” provides a roadmap to the regulated slave trade act nature of 1788]]'''The Question of Political Economy'''the conceptual arguments advanced by Western philosophers. Clearly, who gets constituted as a human determines who is offered the protections offered by a social contract that confers rights upon those humans that belong to a particular society.
One does not need to be a historical materialist to recognize the ways that economics shapes decision-making. Such was especially the case in the modern world. The argument advanced by many was that the Age of Europe created rationales for exploration that were lodged in the acquisition foundations of land and thus of wealth. The enslavement of Africans was part of this matrix and it is crucial to make those connections. While moral arguments about abolition were critical, it is unlikelythen, as Eric Williams argued, that enslavement would have been abolished without are based upon the shift in the industrial and imperial ambitions of one denial of the major powers: Great Britain. Enslavement’s hegemomy was challenged by declining rates humanity of profits as well as new explorations to the Pacific those that would lead to the colonization of large swaths of the globeare enslaved. HereImportantly, African this precedes the enslavement was replaced by a form of exploitative laborAfricans, and together they provided the basis for the industrial revolution of the 1800s and the emergence of the factory. The erosion of the soil of the sugar plantations in the Caribbean but it is also true that it was already racialized if we take the leading cause arguments of this strategic shift. The “opening” of new lands Cedric Robinson to exploit in the East, however cannot be overlooked as critical. All in all, it meant that capital was willing to concede the moral argument as it ultimately did not have an adverse effect on already declining bottom linesheart.
Things were slightly different, however, in the United States. With the advent The basic assumptions of King Cotton those articulating moral rationales for ending enslavement in the nineteenth century, had to revolve around claims of the American level humanity of those enslaved. Using a variety of productivity and profit increasedBiblical readings, leading directly to the sectional conflict abolitionists in England, for example, built an argument that would result in enslaved people shared the Civil War. The dispute was economic and was based on the questions of efficiency and commercial relationships with the larger world. Many abolitionists joined basic humanity as those who believed that wage labor was a more efficient form of accumulationEnglish descent.
'''The Threat famous image that galvanized the movement there was Josiah Wedgewood’s image of Violence'''an enslaved African declaring, “Am I Not and a Brother”? It served as the emblem of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery in England. It was the work of these abolitionists, which included figures like Granville Sharp and William Wilberforce, that prepared the ground for challenges such as the one taken up in the famous Somerset case, which abolished slavery in England. Another factor in England that rankled its moral fibers were the horrors of the Middle Passage exposed by figures like Thomas Clarkson. Along with Wedgewood’s image, the famous rendering of the Brookes contributed directly to Britain’s abolition of the slave trade in 1807.
There were numerous uprisings of == What role did the enslaved Quakers play in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries across Abolitionist Movement?==In the United States, the landscape of Quakers were the New World. Enslaved Africans never accepted critical voice on the fact question of their enslavementabolition. Neither did Influenced by Anthony Benezet, they accept the fact argued that they were chattelslavery contradicted Christianity. The maintenance of the slave economies that produced the rice, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton so necessary to Western Europe, then was a violent affair. Much of the violence was exerted upon the enslavedThough predated by earlier organizations, but not all of it. Gerald Horne argues that the founding of the United States had much to do with the untenable situation that had emerged for enslavers American Anti-Slavery Society in the British Caribbean, which 1833 was rent by revolt. They found solace on the mainland and eventually they revolted against British rule, themselvessignal moment in modern American abolitionism. Their revolt, according to HorneFounded by longtime activist William Lloyd Garrison, however was about their fears that the American Anti-Slavery society advanced both moral argument against and political claims in their opposition to enslavement would be victorious. Thus, in some ways, and quite ironically, many who contributed Their arguments spoke to the founding immorality and brutality of the United States, were only there because of the revolutionary resistance of slave states as well as to the need to elevate enslaved. The same could be said about the expansion of the United StatesAfricans from their degradation.
One of the largest single expansions came in 1803 with the Louisiana PurchaseGarrison famously employed and supported freed Africans like Frederick Douglass to advance these arguments. Perhaps most critically, the unloading of a large swath of the French Empire. This liquidation came abolitionists in America strenuously debated the face notion of the defeat of the French by what would be come the first Black republic: Haiti. Haiti was of course, a symbol for those Black abolitionists who saw it as both proof of the capacity for Black self-government and a beacon for how enslaved Africans in whether or not the United States might resist. Enslavers, however, saw it as Constitution was a warning. Haiti actively supported and encouraged rebellion beyond its borders, inspiring the antipro-slavery efforts of Simon Bolivar among othersdocument. Haiti In a critical period where enslavement was thus a threat to both growing precipitously in the British Empire South and the United States, which did not recognize its existence until the American Civil War. It obviously also caused turmoil in France, which had undergone its own revolution, but famously could not conceive where much of the enslaved as revolutionaries as well. The abolitionist movement in Francepolitical momentum swung towards expanding it, the Amis des Noirs, placed pressure upon the French revolutionaries to extend the “rights their readings of man” to mixed race citizens of Saint Domingue, but it was inconsistent and uneven. By 1804, the founding Constitution helped abolitionists advance a range of Haiti would write Black citizenship into arguments that challenged the very meaning foundations of the term, “citizenAmerican social order. Their tactics remained in the realm of moral suasion.”
The United States responded == What was the importance of Black Abolitionists? ==It is important to note, here, that at around the same time as the threat birth of violence by exerting greater control over the enslaved populationAmerican Anti-Slavery Society, a cadre of Black abolitionists made their mark. Nat Turner’s rebellion was one Manisha Sinha labels them an extension of many that roused the fear of violenceBlack radical tradition. Rebellions in Virginia Figures like David Walker, Martin Delany, and South CarolinaHenry Highland Garnet opposed slavery, led but they did not always hew to the abolition of private meetings moralist arguments of the enslaved and the prohibition of reading, writing, and preachingwhite abolitionists. There were other conflicts—both violent and political—in Vincent Harding asserts that while they debated the tumultuous two decades after Turner’s rebellion that led directly to abolitionist and quasi-abolitionist political parties. One merits of them, the Republican Partyconstitution, would elect Abraham Lincoln to officeof emigration, a year after John Brown and other abolitionists had decided that electoral means would not suffice. They were proven rightrebellion.
'''Conclusion'''They began to see the question less as a concern of the future of America and more of an identification with the prospects of Black freedom—regardless of what happens in and to America. They built an alternative convention movement that raised these concerns and supported various initiatives that were the harbingers of Pan Africanism and Black Nationalism.
HardingRobinson, VincentCedric. There is a River''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Struggle for Freedom in AmericaRadical Tradition''. OrlandoChapel Hill, NC: Harcourt Brace JovanovichUniversity of North Carolina Press, 19812000.
HorneSinha, GeraldManisha. The Counterreovlution of 1776: Slave Resistance the Origins of “Reviving the United StatesBlack Radical Tradition. New York” ''Race Capitalism Justice Forum 1 Boston Review'' (Boston, 2017): New York University Press, 201466-71.
RobinsonWilliams, CedricEric. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition''Capitalism and Slavery''. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 20001944.
SinhaWynter, ManishaSylvia. “Reviving “Unsettling the Black Radical TraditionColoniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, It’s Overrepresentration—An Argument.” Race Capitalism Justice Forum 1 Boston ''CR: The New Centennial Review '' 3 (Boston, 2017Fall 2003): 66257-71337.
WilliamsUpdated January 17, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.2019
Wynter, Sylvia. “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom[[Category: Towards the Human, After Man, It’s Overrepresentration—An Argument.” CRWikis]][[Category: The New Centennial Review 3 (Fall 2003)United States History]] [[Category: 257-337.Military History]][[Category:American Revolution]] [[Category: African American History]]{{contributors}}
Admin moved page What are the Origins of the Abolitionist Movement? to What are the Origins of the Abolitionist Movement
The evolution economics of the moral argument dates back slavery—primitive accumulation—had begun to give way to what were the long conversation around the question beginnings of human naturean industrialized economy. What Sylvia Wynter and others frame as While this did not occur in the “genre of same way or at the human” provides a roadmap to same time across the nature landscape of the conceptual arguments advanced by Western philosophers. Clearly, who gets constituted as human determines who modern world—not just the Atlantic world—it is offered the protections offered by a social contract important to emphasize that confers rights upon those humans that belong things were moving to a particular society. The foundations critical juncture as the costs borne by maintaining systems of enslavement, then, are based upon the denial of were not bearing the humanity of those that are enslavedsame economic fruit. Importantly, this precedes the enslavement of Africans, but it A third factor is also true that it was already racialized, if we take the arguments threat of Cedric Robinson to heartviolence.The basic assumptions of those articulating moral rationales for ending Enslaved Africans resisted their enslavement in the nineteenth century had to revolve around claims of the humanity of those enslaved. Using As a variety result of Biblical readingsthat resistance, abolitionists in England, for example built an argument that enslaved people shared the basic humanity as those slaveholding empires fought costly wars to maintain control of English descentthese economies. The famous image that galvanized This proved to be unsustainable in the movement there was Josiah Wedgewood’s image of an enslaved African declaringlong run, “Am I Not and a Brother”? It served as compromising the emblem efficacy of the Society for the Abolition a centuries-old system. Historians have offered different versions of Slavery in England. It was the work each of these abolitionists, which included figures like Granville Sharp three factors and William Wilberforce, that prepared the ground for challenges such as the one taken up in the famous Somerset case, continue to debate which abolished slavery in England. Another factor in England that rankled its moral fibers were of them was most consequential to the horrors ultimate undoing of the Middle Passage exposed by figures like Thomas Clarksonslavery. Along with Wedgewood’s imageHere, the famous rendering of the Brookes contributed directly to Britain’s abolition of the slave trade we will take them up in 1807turn.
== How did technological changes make slavery more economically beneficial in the South? ==
[[File:Cotton_gin_harpers.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Slaves using the first cotton gin - Drawn by William Sheppard in 1869]]
One does not need to be a historical materialist to recognize the ways that economics shapes decision-making. Such was especially the case in the modern world. The argument advanced by many was that the Age of Europe created rationales for exploration that were lodged in the acquisition of land and thus of wealth. The enslavement of Africans was part of this matrix, and it is crucial to make those connections. While moral arguments about abolition were critical, it is unlikely, as Eric Williams argued, that enslavement would have been abolished without the shift in the industrial and imperial ambitions of one of the major powers: Great Britain.
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Enslavement’s hegemony was challenged by declining rates of profits as well as new explorations to the Pacific that would lead to the colonization of large swaths of the globe. Here, African enslavement was replaced by a form of exploitative labor, and together they provided the basis for the industrial revolution of the 1800s and the emergence of the factory. The erosion of the soil of the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was the leading cause of this strategic shift. The “opening” of new lands to exploit in the East, however, cannot be overlooked as critical. All in all, it meant that capital was willing to concede the moral argument as it ultimately did not hurt already declining bottom lines.
Things were slightly different, however, in the United States. With the advent of King Cotton in the nineteenth century, the American level of productivity and profit increased, leading directly to the sectional conflict that would result in the Civil War. The dispute was economic and was based on the questions of efficiency and commercial relationships with the larger world. Many abolitionists joined those who believed that wage labor was a more efficient form of accumulation.
== Why did Southerners fear Slave Revolts? ==
[[File:Gordon,_scourged_back,_colored_slide_2.png|thumbnail|left|250px|Colored glass slide from the medical examination by Union doctor in 1863 of Gordon, a slave, in Baton Rouge]]
There were numerous uprisings of the enslaved in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries across the landscape of the New World. Enslaved Africans never accepted the fact of their enslavement. Neither did they accept the fact that they were chattel. The maintenance of the slave economies that produced the rice, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton so necessary to Western Europe, was a violent affair.
Much of the violence was exerted upon the enslaved, but not all of it. Gerald Horne argues that the founding of the United States had much to do with the untenable situation that had emerged for enslavers in the British Caribbean, which was rent by revolt. They found solace on the mainland, and eventually, they revolted against British rule, themselves. Their rebellion, according to Horne, however, was about their fears that the moral argument against enslavement would be victorious. Thus, in some ways, and quite ironically, many who contributed to the founding of the United States, were only there because of the revolutionary resistance of the enslaved. The same could be said about the expansion of the United States.
One of the most significant single expansions came in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase, the unloading of a broad swath of the French Empire. This liquidation came in the face of the defeat of the French by what would become the first Black republic: Haiti. Haiti was, of course, a symbol for those Black abolitionists who saw it as both proofs of the capacity for Black self-government and a beacon for how enslaved Africans in the United States might resist. Enslavers, however, saw it as a warning.
Haiti actively supported and encouraged rebellion beyond its borders, inspiring the anti-slavery efforts of Simon Bolivar among others. Haiti was thus a threat to both the British Empire and the United States, which did not recognize its existence until the American Civil War. It also caused turmoil in France, which had undergone its revolution, but famously could not conceive of the enslaved as revolutionaries as well. The abolitionist movement in France, the Amis des Noirs, placed pressure upon the French revolutionaries to extend the “rights of man” to mixed-race citizens of Saint Domingue, but it was inconsistent and uneven. By 1804, the founding of Haiti would write Black citizenship into the very meaning of the term, “citizen.”
The United States responded to the threat of violence by exerting greater control over the enslaved population. Nat Turner’s rebellion was one of many that roused the fear of violence. Rebellions in Virginia and South Carolina led to the abolition of private meetings of the enslaved and the prohibition of reading, writing, and preaching. There were other conflicts—both violent and political—in the tumultuous two decades after Turner’s rebellion that led directly to abolitionist and quasi-abolitionist political parties. One of them, the Republican Party, would elect Abraham Lincoln to the office, a year after John Brown and other abolitionists had decided that electoral means would not suffice. They were proven right.
==Conclusion==
Enslavement ended in the United States in 1865, following Britain and France, but preceding Brazil and Cuba. The record of abolitionism was crucial to these outcomes. But it also took a paradoxical and sometimes moderate route to its desired goal. In some ways, it was a product of modern liberalism that has been extended to the current political environment.
<div class="portal" style="width:85%;"> ====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====*[[Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam Haselby]]*[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]*[[The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin]]*[[Hodges'Scout: Interview with Len Travers]]*[[Why did African Americans join the British Army during the American Revolution?]]</div> =====Bibliography=====Harding, Vincent. ''Bibliography'There is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America.''Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.
Horne, Gerald. ''The Counterrevolution of 1776: Slave Resistance the Origins of the United States.'' New York: New York University Press, 2014.
